<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2024-24-5-699-708</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPTICAL ENGINEERING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование характеристик полупроводникового лазерного диода с распределенной обратной связью в режиме источника и приемника оптического излучения для регистрации отклика волоконных решеток Брэгга</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Investigation of the characteristics of a semiconductor laser diode as a transceiver for fiber Bragg gratings interrogation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2983-4397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ошлаков</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oshlakov</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ошлаков Вадим Сергеевич - начальник группы</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim S. Oshlakov - Head of Group</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">voshlakov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7682-348X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алейник</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleinik</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алейник Артем Сергеевич - кандидат технических наук, доцент, заведующий лабораторией</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem S. Aleinik - PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">artemal@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8462-5208</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волковский</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkovskiy</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волковский Сергей Александрович - кандидат технических наук, ассистент, научный сотрудник</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey A. Volkovskiy - PhD, Assistant, Scientific Researcher</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">savolkovskii@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4324-9327</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнов Даниил Сергеевич - кандидат технических наук, ассистент</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniil S. Smirnov - PhD, Assistant</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dsmirnov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет ИТМО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>699</fpage><lpage>708</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ошлаков В.С., Алейник А.С., Волковский С.А., Смирнов Д.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ошлаков В.С., Алейник А.С., Волковский С.А., Смирнов Д.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Oshlakov V.S., Aleinik A.S., Volkovskiy S.A., Smirnov D.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/110">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/110</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Представлены результаты экспериментального исследования возможности применения узкополосного полупроводникового лазерного диода с распределенной обратной связью в качестве источника и приемника оптического излучения для детектирования спектрального отклика волоконной решетки Брэгга.Метод. В качестве исследуемого полупроводникового лазерного диода выбран DFB-лазер LDI-1550-DFB-2.5G-20/70 компании Laserscom, серийно выпускаемый на российском рынке и обладающий типовыми характеристиками. Для перестройки центральной длины волны полупроводникового лазерного диода с распределенной обратной связью в диапазоне 1549,5–1552,0 нм использовалась прямая импульсная токовая модуляция с частотой 100 кГц, скважностью 40 и величиной тока 1 А в импульсе. Отраженное от волоконной решетки Брэгга оптическое излучение, соответствующее центральной длине волны Брэгга, регистрировалось за счет фотоэффекта в лазерном диоде. Проведена экспериментальная оценка оптоэлектронных параметров лазерного диода в фотовольтаическом режиме и режиме короткого замыкания: темновой ток, полоса пропускания и спектральная чувствительность. Оценка проводилась при температуре 25 °С.Основные результаты. Создана измерительная схема для детектирования отклика волоконной решетки Брэгга. Показано, что фотовольтаический режим лазерного диода применим для задач регистрации оптического излучения. Экспериментально получена амплитудно- частотная характеристика лазерного диода в фотовольтаическом режиме в зависимости от напряжения прямого смещения. Результаты эксперимента: полоса пропускания по уровню –3 дБ составляет 300 МГц, максимальная чувствительность равна 0,1 А/Вт в режиме короткого замыкания, а амплитудный отклик линеен в диапазоне длин волн 1540–1560 нм. Для лазерного диода экспериментально получена вольтамперная характеристика при обратном смещении. Темновой ток при нулевом смещении лазерного диода составляет 12,5 пА.Обсуждение. Представленный метод регистрации отклика волоконной решетки Брэгга может быть использован для миниатюризации и упрощения оптических схем измерительных каналов устройств опроса волоконных решеток Брэгга. Полученные результаты могут быть полезны специалистам, занимающимся волоконно-оптическими датчиками и системами сбора и обработки сигналов с таких датчиков.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the possibility of using a narrow-band semiconductor distributed feedback laser diode used as a source and detector of optical radiation to detect the spectral response from a fiber Bragg grating. The DFB laser “LDI-1550-DFB-2.5G-20/70” from the company “Laserscom”, mass-produced on the Russian market and having standard characteristics, was chosen as the laser diode under study. To sweep the central wavelength of a semiconductor distributed feedback laser diode in the range 1549.5–1552 nm, direct pulse current modulation was used with a frequency of 100 kHz, a duty cycle of 40, and a current value of 1 A per pulse. The radiation reflected from the fiber Bragg grating corresponding to the central Bragg wavelength was recorded as a change in voltage at the anode and cathode of the laser diode due to the photoelectric effect in the laser diode. An experimental assessment of the optoelectronic parameters of a laser diode in photovoltaic and short-circuit modes was carried out: dark current, bandwidth and spectral sensitivity. The evaluation was carried out at a temperature of 25 °C. A measuring circuit has been created to detect the response from a fiber Bragg grating based on direct pulse current modulation and the photovoltaic mode of a semiconductor distributed feedback laser diode. It is shown that the photovoltaic mode of the laser diode is applicable to problems of recording optical radiation. The amplitude-frequency characteristic of a laser diode in the photovoltaic mode was experimentally obtained depending on the forward bias voltage. It is experimentally found that the –3 dB bandwidth is 300 MHz and the maximum sensitivity is 0.1 A/W in short-circuit mode, and the amplitude response is linear in the wavelength range from 1540 to 1560 nm. For the laser diode under study, the reverse branch of the current-voltage characteristic was experimentally obtained and the dark current at zero bias of the laser diode is 12.5 pA. The demonstrated method of FBG interrogation can be used for miniaturization and simplification of optical devices for fiber Bragg grating interrogation. The obtained results may be useful to specialists in fiber optic sensors, system for interrogation and processing signals from fiber optic sensors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>волоконные решетки Брэгга</kwd><kwd>детектирование отклика от ВБР</kwd><kwd>перестройка центральной длины волны</kwd><kwd>темновой ток</kwd><kwd>амплитудно-частотная характеристика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fiber-optic Bragg gratings</kwd><kwd>FBG interrogation</kwd><kwd>wavelength sweep</kwd><kwd>dark current</kwd><kwd>Bode plot</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (проект № FSER-2024-0006).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was carried out within the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project No. FSER-2024-0006).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Recent Advancements, Industrial Applications and Market Exploitation / ed. by A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, J. Albert. Bentham Science Publishers, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2174/97816080508401110101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Recent Advancements, Industrial Applications and Market Exploitation. Ed. by A. Cusano, A. Cutolo, J. Albert. Bentham Science Publishers, 2011. https://doi.org/10.2174/97816080508401110101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen J., Liu B., Zhang H. Review of fiber Bragg grating sensor technology // Frontiers of Optoelectronics in China. 2011. V. 4. N 2. P. 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-011-0130-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen J., Liu B., Zhang H. Review of fiber Bragg grating sensor technology. Frontiers of Optoelectronics in China, 2011, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-011-0130-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silveira P.C., Dante A., Keley M.M., Carvalho C., Allil R., Mok R., Garcao L., Werneck M. Experimental evaluation of low-cost interrogation techniques for FBG sensors // Proc. of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). 2018. P. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2018.8409722</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silveira P.C., Dante A., Keley M.M., Carvalho C., Allil R., Mok R., Garcao L., Werneck M. Experimental evaluation of low-cost interrogation techniques for FBG sensors. Proc. of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), 2018, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2018.8409722</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee H.S., Lee H., Kim H., Cho J., Jeong M., Kim C.-S. A fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogation system based on a linearly wavelengthswept thermo-optic laser chip // Sensors. 2014. V. 14. N 9. P. 16109–16116. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140916109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee H.S., Lee H., Kim H., Cho J., Jeong M., Kim C.-S. A fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogation system based on a linearly wavelengthswept thermo-optic laser chip. Sensors, 2014, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 16109–16116. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140916109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flores-Bravo J.A., Madrigal J., Zubia J., Sales S., Villatoro J. Coupled-core fiber Bragg gratings for low-cost sensing // Scientific Reports. 2022. V. 12. N 1. P. 1280. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05313-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flores-Bravo J.A., Madrigal J., Zubia J., Sales S., Villatoro J. Coupled-core fiber Bragg gratings for low-cost sensing. Scientific Reports, 2022, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1280. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05313-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang F., Zhang W., Zhao S., Liu Q., Tao J., He Z. Miniature interrogator for multiplexed FBG strain sensors based on a thermally tunable microring resonator array // Optics Express. 2019. V. 27. N 5. P. 6037–6046. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.006037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang F., Zhang W., Zhao S., Liu Q., Tao J., He Z. Miniature interrogator for multiplexed FBG strain sensors based on a thermally tunable microring resonator array. Optics Express, 2019, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 6037–6046. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.006037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darwich D., Youssef A., Zaraket H. Low-cost multiple FBG interrogation technique for static applications // Optics Letters. 2020. V. 45. N 5. P. 1116–1119. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.386053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darwich D., Youssef A., Zaraket H. Low-cost multiple FBG interrogation technique for static applications. Optics Letters, 2020, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1116–1119. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.386053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darwich D., Youssef A., Pisco M., Zaraket H. Investigation of lowcost interrogation technique based on modulated distributed feedback laser // IEEE Sensors Journal. 2020. V. 20. N 5. P. 2460–2466. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2951436</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darwich D., Youssef A., Pisco M., Zaraket H. Investigation of lowcost interrogation technique based on modulated distributed feedback laser. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2020, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 2460–2466. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2951436</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qiao P., Cook K.T., Li K., Chang-Hasnain C.J. Wavelength-swept VCSELs // IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics. 2017. V. 23. N 6. P. 1700516. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2017.2707181</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qiao P., Cook K.T., Li K., Chang-Hasnain C.J. Wavelength-swept VCSELs. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2017, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1700516. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2017.2707181</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алейник А.С., Киреенков А.Ю., Мехреньгин М.В., Чиргин М.А., Беликин М.Н. Подстройка центральной длины волны источника оптического излучения в интерферометрических датчиках на основе волоконных брегговских решеток // Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики. 2015. Т. 15. № 5. С. 809–816. https://doi.org/10.17586/2226-1494-2015-15-5-809-816</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleynik A.S., Kireenkova A.Yu., Mekhrengin M.V., Chirgin M.A., Belikin M.N. Central wavelength adjustment of light emitting source in interferometric sensors based on fiber-optic Bragg gratings. Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 2015, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 809–816. (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.17586/2226-1494-2015-15-5-809-816</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Njegovec M., Donlagic D. Rapid and broad wavelength sweeping of standard telecommunication distributed feedback laser diode // Optics Letters. 2013. V. 38. N 11. P. 1999–2001. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.001999</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Njegovec M., Donlagic D. Rapid and broad wavelength sweeping of standard telecommunication distributed feedback laser diode. Optics Letters, 2013, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1999–2001. https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.001999</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu B., Ruan Y., Yu Y., Xi J., Guo Q., Tong J., Rajan G. Laser selfmixing fiber Bragg grating sensor for acoustic emission measurement // Sensors. 2018. V. 18. N 6. P. 1956. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061956</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu B., Ruan Y., Yu Y., Xi J., Guo Q., Tong J., Rajan G. Laser selfmixing fiber Bragg grating sensor for acoustic emission measurement. Sensors, 2018, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1956. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061956</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim Y.L., Bertling K., Rio P., Tucker J.R., Rakic A.D. Displacement and distance measurement using the change in junction voltage across a laser diode due to the self-mixing effect // Proceedings of SPIE. 2006. V. 6038. P. 60381O. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.638433</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim Y.L., Bertling K., Rio P., Tucker J.R., Rakic A.D. Displacement and distance measurement using the change in junction voltage across a laser diode due to the self-mixing effect. Proceedings of SPIE, 2006, vol. 6038, pp. 60381O. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.638433</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Z., Slavík R. Optical injection locking: From principle to applications // Journal of Lightwave Technology. 2020. V. 38. N 1. P. 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2019.2945718</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Z., Slavík R. Optical injection locking: From principle to applications. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2020, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2019.2945718</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Njegovec M., Donlagic D. Interrogation of FBGs and FBGs arrays using standard telecom DFB diode // Journal of Lightwave Technology. 2016. V. 34. N 22. P. 5340–5348. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2016.2616725</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Njegovec M., Donlagic D. Interrogation of FBGs and FBGs arrays using standard telecom DFB diode. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2016, vol. 34, no. 22, pp. 5340–5348. https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2016.2616725</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беликин М.Н. Быстродействующее малогабаритное устройство регистрации спектрального отклика для волоконно-оптических датчиков на брэгговских решетках: диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук : 05.11.01 / Университет ИТМО. Санкт-Петербург, 2017. 131 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belikin M.N. A high-speed, small-sized spectral response recording device for fiber-optic Bragg grating sensors. Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences. St. Petersburg, ITMO University, 2017, 131 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tudose M., Enciu D., Ursu I. Towards use of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors for structural health monitoring of (aero) space structures // International Journal of Modeling and Optimization. 2018. V. 8. N 4. P. 246–249. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijmo.2018.v8.659</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tudose M., Enciu D., Ursu I. Towards use of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors for structural health monitoring of (aero) space structures. International Journal of Modeling and Optimization, 2018, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 246–249. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijmo.2018.v8.659</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gribaev A.I., Pavlishin I.V., Stam A.M., Idrisov R.F., Varzhel S.V., Konnov K.A. Laboratory setup for fiber Bragg gratings inscription based on Talbot interferometer // Optical and Quantum Electronics. 2016. V. 48. N 12. P. 540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0816-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gribaev A.I., Pavlishin I.V., Stam A.M., Idrisov R.F., Varzhel S.V., Konnov K.A. Laboratory setup for fiber Bragg gratings inscription based on Talbot interferometer. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 2016, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0816-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henzler S. Time-to-Digital Converter Basics. Springer Netherlands, 2010. P. 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8628-0_2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henzler S. Time-to-Digital Converter Basics. Springer Netherlands, 2010, pp. 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8628-0_2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
