<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2024-24-5-738-744</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-139</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPTICAL ENGINEERING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка волоконно-оптической системы для мониторинга геотехнических сооружений</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development of a fiber-optic system for monitoring geotechnical structures</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-7942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никулин</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikulin</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никулин Илларион Леонидович — доктор технических наук, профессор, профессор</p><p>Пермь, 614990</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Illarion L. Nikulin - D.Sc., Full Professor</p><p>Perm, 614990</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nil@pstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5762-2647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рофер</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rofer</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рофер Юлия Ильинична - студент</p><p>Пермь, 614990</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia I. Rofer - Student</p><p>Perm, 614990</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">julia.rofer@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Perm National Research Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>738</fpage><lpage>744</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Никулин И.Л., Рофер Ю.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никулин И.Л., Рофер Ю.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikulin I.L., Rofer Y.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/139">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/139</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. В работе представлена концепция точечного амплитудного датчика регистрации смещения геотекстиля — синтетической ткани, армирующей геотехнические сооружения, подобные дамбе. Применение систем непрерывного контроля состояния строительной конструкции, основанных на идее «умного» геотекстиля, может значительно повысить безопасность объекта, предупреждая о необходимости проведения внеплановых ремонтных работ, возникновении аварийной ситуации и необходимости срочного прекращения эксплуатации объекта, эвакуации персонала или населения. Оценены возможности существующих технических решений датчиков смещения. Известно, что существующие системы мониторинга, использующие датчики на волоконных брэгговских решетках, не применимы в случае с геотекстилем. Это обусловлено большой податливостью грунта и практическим отсутствием в грунте упругой деформации. Кроме того, датчики на волоконных брэгговских решетках значительно дороже в производстве по сравнению с телекоммуникационным оптическим волокном.Метод. Одномодовое волокно в чувствительном элементе образует одну или несколько петель, зажатых между подвижными упорами, прикрепленными к корпусу и к подвижному активатору. При макроизгибе армирующего оптоволокна происходит нарушении полного внутреннего отражения, что приводит к амплитудной модуляции излучения. Макроизгиб пропорционален смещению активатора, прикрепленного к геотекстилю. В работе приведены конструкция, размеры чувствительного элемента и математические соотношения размеров и характеристик элементов конструкции для обработки сигнала. Модель датчика реализована из ABS-пластика и оптоволокна Corning SMF-28.Основные результаты. Экспериментальная установка для проверки предложенной концепции реализует контролируемое смещение активатора, ввод и вывод излучения. Определены зависимости выходной мощности от диаметра изгиба оптоволокна в интервале от 25 до 11 мм и смещения в пределах до 14 мм при длине волны излучения 1550 нм. Показано, что полученные зависимости монотонны, на них имеются квазилинейные участки. Полученные на графиках перегибы при малом диаметре изгиба оптоволокна возникают в результате интенсивного выхода излучения из сердцевины в оболочку и рассеяния в ней, а при большом диаметре — из-за малых изгибных потерь.Обсуждение. Проведенные исследования показали, что предложенный датчик позволяет надежно фиксировать смещение до 0,5 мм. Результаты обладают хорошей повторяемостью. Отметим, что датчик уступает по точности регистрации смещений грунта, но по стоимости на порядок дешевле датчиков на волоконных брэгговских решетках.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents the concept of a point amplitude sensor for the registration of displacement of geotextile, a synthetic fabric that is used to reinforce geotechnical structures such as a dam. The implementation of a system for continuous monitoring of the structural condition of a building based on the concept of a “smart” geotextile has the potential to significantly enhance the safety of the structure. Such a system could provide early warning of the necessity for unscheduled repairs, the occurrence of an emergency situation, and the need for the immediate cessation of building operations, evacuation of personnel or population. The capabilities of existing technical solutions for displacement sensors have been evaluated. It is not feasible to apply existing monitoring systems utilizing fiber Bragg Grating Sensors (FBG) in the context of geotextile. This is due to the greater pliability of the soil which exhibits minimal elastic deformation. In addition, FBG sensors are much more expensive in production compared to telecommunication optical fiber. The single-mode fiber which constitutes the sensing element, forms one or more loops that are placed between movable stops that are attached to the sensor body and to the movable activator. At the point of macro bending of the reinforcing fiber, the phenomenon of total internal reflection is disrupted, which in turn gives rise to amplitude modulation of the radiation. The macro bending is proportional to the displacement of the activator attached to the geotextile. This paper presents the design, dimensions and mathematical relationships of the sensing element as well as the dimensions and characteristics of the design elements for signal processing. The sensor model is constructed from ABS plastic and fiber Corning SMF-28. An experimental setup was constructed to test the proposed concept which involved controlling the displacement of the activator, the input and output of radiation. The dependences of the output power on the fiber bending diameter, ranging from 25 to 11 mm, and the displacement, up to 14 mm, at a radiation wavelength of 1550 nm, were determined. It was demonstrated that the obtained dependences were monotonic and exhibited quasi-linear plots. The kinks at the small diameter of the fiber bend are caused by two factors: the intensive radiation output from the core to the cladding and scattering within it; and at the large diameter, they are due to small bending losses. The conducted studies have demonstrated that the sensor is capable of reliably detecting displacements up to 0.5 mm. The results exhibited good repeatability. The proposed sensor demonstrated inferior accuracy compared to FBG sensors. Conversely, at comparable accuracy of ground displacement registration, the proposed sensor was observed to be an order of magnitude more cost-effective than FBG sensors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>волоконно-оптический датчик</kwd><kwd>амплитудный датчик</kwd><kwd>датчик смещения</kwd><kwd>мониторинг строительных сооружений</kwd><kwd>умный геотекстиль</kwd><kwd>геотехника</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fiber optic sensor</kwd><kwd>amplitude sensor</kwd><kwd>displacement sensor</kwd><kwd>monitoring of building structures</kwd><kwd>smart geotextile</kwd><kwd>geotechnics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Touze-Foltz N., Bannour H., Barral C., Stoltz G. A review of the performance of geosynthetics for environmental protection // Geotextiles and Geomembranes. 2016. V. 44. P. 656–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.05.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Touze-Foltz N., Bannour H., Barral C., Stoltz G. A review of the performance of geosynthetics for environmental protection. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2016, vol. 44, pp. 656–672. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.05.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obsharova A.V., Grishina A.S. Effect of the fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties of clay soils, including properties under conditions of seasonal freezing and thawing // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2021. V. 1928. P. 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1928/1/012067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obsharova A.V., Grishina A.S. Effect of the fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties of clay soils, including properties under conditions of seasonal freezing and thawing. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, vol. 1928, pp. 012067. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1928/1/012067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анферов Е.П., Гришина А.С., Смирнов Р.С. Исследование возможного применения волокнистых отходов в качестве армирующих волокон для создания эффективных геотехнических конструкций // Вестник Пермского национального иссле до вательского политехнического университета. Прикладная экология. 2018. № 1(29). С. 168–177. https://doi.org/10.15593/2409-5125/2018.01.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anferov E., Grishina A., Smirnov R. Research of possibile application of fibrous waste as reinforcing fibres for the creation of efficient geotechnical constructions. PNRPU. Applied ecology. Urban development, 2018, no. 1(29), pp. 168–177. (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.15593/2409-5125/2018.01.13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пономарев А.Б., Офрихтер В.Г. Анализ и проблемы исследований геосинтетических материалов в России // Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Строительство и архитектура. 2013. № 2. С. 68–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponomarev A.B., Ofrikhter V.G. Analysis and problems of geosynthetic material application in Russian Federation. Bulletin of Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Construction and Architecture, 2013, no. 2, pp. 68–73. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Cui X.Z., Jin Q., Su J.W., Cui S.Q., Wang Y.L. Laboratory investigation of the durability of a new smart geosynthetic material // Construction and Building Materials. 2018. V. 169. Р. 28–33. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.187</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Cui X.Z., Jin Q., Su J.W., Cui S.Q., Wang Y.L. Laboratory investigation of the durability of a new smart geosynthetic material. Construction and Building Materials, 2018, vol. 169, pp. 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.187</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Z., Richwien W. A study of soil-reinforcement interface friction // Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2002. V. 128. N 1. P. 92–94. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2002)128:1(92)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z., Richwien W. A study of soil-reinforcement interface friction. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2002, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 92–94. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2002)128:1(92)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang B.-J., Li K., Shi B., Wei G.-Q. Test on application of distributed fiber optic sensing technique into soil slope monitoring // Landslides. 2009. V. 6. N 1. P. 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-008-0139-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang B.-J., Li K., Shi B., Wei G.-Q. Test on application of distributed fiber optic sensing technique into soil slope monitoring. Landslides, 2009, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-008-0139-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nöther N. Distributed fiber sensors in river embankments: advancing and implementing the brillouin optical frequency domain analysis. Berlin, Germany: BAM-Dissertationsreihe, 2010. 143 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nöther N. Distributed fiber sensors in river embankments: advancing and implementing the brillouin optical frequency domain analysis. Berlin, Germany, BAM-Dissertationsreihe, 2010, 143 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hong C.Y., Yin J.H., Zhang Y.F. Deformation monitoring of long GFRP bar soil nails using distributed optical fiber sensing technology // Smart Materials and Structures. 2016. V. 25. N 8. P. 085044. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/085044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hong C.Y., Yin J.H., Zhang Y.F. Deformation monitoring of long GFRP bar soil nails using distributed optical fiber sensing technology. Smart Materials and Structures, 2016, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 085044. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/085044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abedi M., Kiran Sanivada U., Ali Mirian S., Hassanshahi O., Al-Jabri K., Gomes Correia A., Lourenço P.B., Fangueiro R. A selfsensing and self-heating planar braided composite for smart civil infrastructures reinforcement // Construction and Building Materials. 2023. V. 387. P. 131617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131617</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abedi M., Kiran Sanivada U., Ali Mirian S., Hassanshahi O., Al-Jabri K., Gomes Correia A., Lourenço P.B., Fangueiro R. A selfsensing and self-heating planar braided composite for smart civil infrastructures reinforcement. Construction and Building Materials, 2023, vol. 387, pp. 131617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131617</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hatami K., Hassanikhah A., Yazdani H., Grady B.P. Tensoresistive PVC coating for sensor-enabled geogrids // Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics. 2014. V. 4. N 4. P. A4013016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)nm.2153-5477.0000070</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hatami K., Hassanikhah A., Yazdani H., Grady B.P. Tensoresistive PVC coating for sensor-enabled geogrids. Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics, 2014, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. A4013016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)nm.2153-5477.0000070</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fathi A., Hatami K., Grady B.P. Effect of carbon black structure on low-strain conductivity of polypropylene and low-density polyethylene composites // Polymer Engineering and Science. 2012. V. 52. N 3. P. 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.22115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fathi A., Hatami K., Grady B.P. Effect of carbon black structure on low-strain conductivity of polypropylene and low-density polyethylene composites. Polymer Engineering and Science, 2012, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 549–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.22115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калижанова А.У., Кашаганова Г.Б., Козбакова А.Х., Едилхан Д., Амиргалиева Ж.Е., Оразбеков Ж. Анализ и исследование существующего опыта проектирования и использования различных современных волоконно-оптических датчиков для контроля состояния механических и строительных конструкций // Вестник казахской академии транспорта и коммуникаций им. М. Тынышпаева. 2021. № 3(118). С. 112–123. https://doi.org/10.52167/1609-1817-2021-118-3-110-123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalizhanova A., Kashaganova G., Kozbakova A., Edilkhan D., Amirgaliyeva Zh., Orazbekov Zh. Analysis and research of the existing experience in the design and use of various modern fiberoptic sensors for monitoring the condition of mechanical and building structures. The Bulletin of Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communications named after M. Tynyshpayev, 2021, no. 3(118), pp. 112–123. (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.52167/1609-1817-2021-118-3-110-123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костиков К., Чукан Й. Тензометрические датчики силы // Компоненты и Технологии. 2010. № 1(102). С. 16–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostikov K., Chukan I. Strain gauge force transducers. Components &amp; Technologies, 2010, no. 1(102), pp. 16–18. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taranov M.A., Gorshkov B.G., Alekseev A.E., Konstantinov Yu.A., Turov A.T., Barkov F.L., Wang Z., Zhao Z., Zan M.S.D., Kolesnichenko E.V. Optical reflectometry, metrology, and sensing. present and future (Review) // Instruments and Experimental Techniques. 2023. V. 66. N 5. P. 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020441223050238</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taranov M.A., Gorshkov B.G., Alekseev A.E., Konstantinov Yu.A., Turov A.T., Barkov F.L., Wang Z., Zhao Z., Zan M.S.D., Kolesnichenko E.V. Optical reflectometry, metrology, and sensing. present and future (Review). Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 2023, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0020441223050238</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шабалина А.С., Зайцев Д.Л., Егоров Е.В., Егоров И.В., Антонов А.Н., Бугаев А.С., Агафонов В.М., Криштоп В.Г. Молекулярно-электронные преобразователи в современных измерительных приборах // Успехи современной радиоэлектроники. 2014. № 9. С. 33–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shabalina A.S., Zajcev D.L., Egorov E.V., Egorov I.V., Antonov A.N., Bugaev A.S., Agafonov V.M., Krishtop V.G. Modern measuring instruments based on molecular electronic transducers. Journal Achievements of Modern Radioelectronics, 2014, no 9, pp. 33–45. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вялышев А.И., Добров В.М., Долгов А.А., Бутов О.В. Плешков А.Ю. Волоконно-оптические датчики для контроля параметров состояния объектов и окружающей среды в задачах мониторинга // Природообустройство. 2014. № 3. С. 32–37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vyalyshev A.I., Dobrov V.M., Dolgov A.A., Butov O.V., Pleshakov A.Yu. Fiber-optical sensors for the control of parameters of the state of objects and environment in the tasks of monitoring. Prirodoobustrojstvo, 2014, no. 3, pp. 32–37. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волоконно-оптические датчики: вводный курс для инженеров и научных работников / под ред. Э. Удда; пер. с англ. М.: Техносфера, 2008. 520 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fiber Optic Sensors. An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists. Ed. by E. Udd. Wiley, 2006, 476 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Листвин А.В., Листвин В.Н. Рефлектометрия оптических волокон. М.: ЛЕСАРарт, 2005. 208 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Listvin A.V., Listvin V.N. Optical Fiber Reflectometry. Moscow, LESARart, 2005, 208 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульчин Ю.Н. Распределенные волоконно-оптические датчики и измерительные сети. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 1999. 283 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulchin Iu.N. Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors and Measurement Networks. Vladivostok, Dalnauka, 1999, 283 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кашаганова Г.Б., Касимов А.О. Технология изготовления волоконных брэгговских решеток // Труды Международного симпозиума «Надежность и качество». Т. 2. 2015. С. 106–109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashaganova G.B., Kasimov A.O. Fiber Bragg grating technology. Proc. of the International Symposium “Reliability and Quality”. V. 2, 2015, pp. 106–109. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Губская О.А., Плут М.Н., Спиридонов О.Р., Фатьянова Е.В. Анализ внешних факторов, влияющих на работоспособность волоконно-оптических систем передач // Известия ТулГУ. Технические науки. 2020. № 5. С. 102–107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gubskaya O.A., Plut M.N., Spiridonov O.R., Fatyanova E.V. Analysis of external factors affecting the performance of fiber-optic transmission systems. Izvestiya Tula State University, 2020, no. 5, pp. 102–107. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guangqing W., Bin S., Xiaokui Y., Chunde P., Youqun Z., Baojun W. BOTDR based distributed strain test on bored pile buried in complicated geological ground // Journal of Engineering Geology. 2008. V. 16. N 6. P. 826–832.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guangqing W., Bin S., Xiaokui Y., Chunde P., Youqun Z., Baojun W. BOTDR based distributed strain test on bored pile buried in complicated geological ground. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2008, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 826–832.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piao C.D., Shi B., Gao L. Characteristics and application of BOTDR in distributed detection of pile foundation // Advanced Materials Research. 2011. V. 163–167. P. 2657–2665. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2657</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piao C.D., Shi B., Gao L. Characteristics and application of BOTDR in distributed detection of pile foundation. Advanced Materials Research, 2011, vol. 163–167, pp. 2657–2665. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2657</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu W., Wang H., Zhou Z., Xing X., Cao D., Jiang Z. Optical fiberbased sensors with flexible encapsulation for pavement behavior monitoring // Structural Control and Health Monitoring. 2015. V. 22. N 2. P. 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1674</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu W., Wang H., Zhou Z., Xing X., Cao D., Jiang Z. Optical fiberbased sensors with flexible encapsulation for pavement behavior monitoring. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2015, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1674</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abedi M., Fangueiro R., Correia A.G., Shayanfar J. Smart geosynthetics and prospects for civil infrastructure monitoring: A comprehensive and critical review // Sustainability. 2023. V. 15. N 12. P. 9258. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129258</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abedi M., Fangueiro R., Correia A.G., Shayanfar J. Smart geosynthetics and prospects for civil infrastructure monitoring: A comprehensive and critical review. Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 9258. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129258</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурдышева О.В., Сушко Д.Н., Шолгин Е.С., Васильев А.Б., Дроздов И.Р., Никулин И.Л. Разработка волоконно-оптического датчика показателя преломления на макроизгибе // Вестник современной науки. 2015. № 5. С. 18–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burdysheva O.V., Sushko D.N., Sholgin E.S., Vasilev A.B., Drozdov I.R., Nikulin I.L. Development of a fiber optic refractive index sensor at a macrobend. Vestnik sovremennoj nauki, 2015, no. 5, pp. 18–21. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурдышева О.В., Никулин И.Л. Амплитудный волоконно-оптический датчик вибрации // Фотоника. 2019. Т. 13. № 1. С. 80–85. https://doi.org/10.22184/FRos.2019.13.1.80.85</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burdysheva O.V., Nikulin I.L. Amplitude fiber-optic vibration sensor. Photonics Russia, 2019, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 80–85. (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.22184/FRos.2019.13.1.80.85</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никулин И.Л., Бурдышева О.В. Волоконно-оптическое устройство регистрации вибраций. Патент RU179547U1. Бюл. 2018. № 14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikulin I.L., Burdysheva O.V. Fiber optic vibration recording device. Patent RU179547U1. 2018. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
