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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2022-22-6-1037-1047</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-285</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИЗБРАННЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ XXXII ШКОЛЫ ПО ГОЛОГРАФИИ Часть II</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Моделирование композитного волноводного голографического дисплея</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modelling of a composite waveguide holographic display</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1256-4474</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харитонов</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharitonov</surname><given-names>D. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Харитонов Данила Юрьевич – инженер</p><p>Казань, 420075</p><p>sc 57338964100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Danila Yu. Kharitonov – Engineer</p><p>Kazan, 420075</p><p>sc 57338964100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">danila-haritonov2017@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5827-2648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахметов</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmetov</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ахметов Дамир Маратович – инженер-конструктор</p><p>Казань, 420075</p><p>sc 57339030100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Damir M. Akhmetov – Design Engineer</p><p>Kazan, 420075</p><p>sc 57339030100</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akhmetov.damir.97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3242-9894</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муслимов</surname><given-names>Э. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muslimov</surname><given-names>E. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Муслимов Эдуард Ринатович – доктор технических наук, профессор; инженер-оптик; ассоциированный исследователь</p><p>Казань, 420075;</p><p>Двингело, 7991 PD, Нидерланды;</p><p>Марсель, 13388, Франция</p><p>sc 55785536800</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eduard R. Muslimov – D. Sc., Professor; Optical Engineer; AssociatedResearcher</p><p>Kazan, 420111;</p><p>Dwingeloo, 7991 PD, Netherlands;</p><p>Marseille, 13388, France</p><p>sc 55785536800</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e0123@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8109-5029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гильфанов</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gilfanov</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гильфанов Айдар Рустемович – инженер-технолог</p><p>Казань, 420075</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aydar R. Gilfanov – Engineer-Technologist</p><p>Kazan, 420075</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cataklizm@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9395-3967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлычева</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlycheva</surname><given-names>N. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павлычева Надежда Константиновна – доктор технических наук, профессор, профессор</p><p>Казань, 420075</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda K. Pavlycheva – D. Sc., Full Professor</p><p>Kazan, 420111</p><p>sc 6701787491</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nkpavlych@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-производственное объединение «Государственный институт прикладной оптики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>OJSC «Scientific and Production Association» State Institute of the Applied Optics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. А.Н. Туполева – КАИ; Нидерландский институт радиоастрономии; Астрофизическая лаборатория Марселя</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev; NOVA Optical IR Instrumentation Group; Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. А.Н. Туполева – КАИ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1037</fpage><lpage>1047</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Харитонов Д.Ю., Ахметов Д.М., Муслимов Э.Р., Гильфанов А.Р., Павлычева Н.К., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Харитонов Д.Ю., Ахметов Д.М., Муслимов Э.Р., Гильфанов А.Р., Павлычева Н.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kharitonov D.Y., Akhmetov D.M., Muslimov E.R., Gilfanov A.R., Pavlycheva N.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/285">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/285</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Предмет исследования</title><p>Предмет исследования. Исследованы оптические схемы дисплеев дополненной реальности волноводного типа. Дисплеи, построенные на основе объемных фазовых голограмм, отличаются малыми размерами, большим выходным зрачком и высоким коэффициентом пропускания в каналах проецируемого изображения и прямого зрения. Однако с увеличением апертуры, поля зрения и рабочего спектрального диапазона увеличивается разброс значений угла падения луча и длины волны излучения при решении задачи дифракции в разных точках поверхности голограммы. Это накладывает ограничения на пространственное разрешение и дифракционную эффективность. Для преодоления данного явления предложено использовать композитную голограмму, в виде объемной фазовой решетки, разделенной на зоны с независимо изменяющимися параметрами наклона полос, формой и толщиной голографического слоя, а также глубиной модуляции.</p></sec><sec><title>Метод</title><p>Метод. Предложен алгоритм, который позволяет проводить трассировку луча через голограмму, записанную двумя точечными когерентными источниками при помощи вспомогательного асферического зеркала. Первоначальная трассировка луча в схеме записи голограммы выполнена с использованием минимизации функции ошибок методами покоординатного спуска и золотого сечения. На основе полученных результатов с помощью уравнения Уэлфорда вычислены направляющие векторы дифрагированного луча. С использованием результатов трассировки на базе теории связанных волн Когельника определена дифракционная эффективность голограммы. Предложенные алгоритмы реализованы в среде Zemax Optics Studio.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные результаты</title><p>Основные результаты. Применение представленного композитного голограммного элемента и средств моделирования его работы показаны на примере дисплея, работающего в диапазоне 510–530 нм с полем зрения 7°36ʹ × 5°48ʹ и диаметром выходного зрачка 8 мм. Предложенные решения позволили повысить дифракционную эффективность в 3,45 раза, а пространственное разрешение на 12,7 %, которое варьируется по полю зрения в пределах 0ʹ44ʺ–1ʹ6ʺ.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость. Применение композитных голограмм позволит создавать дисплеи, отличающиеся более высоким пространственным разрешением и яркостью проецируемого изображения, а также равномерностью характеристик по полю зрения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Optical designs of waveguide-type augmented reality displays are investigated. Displays based on volume phase holograms are notable for their small size, large exit pupil and high transmittance both in the projected image channel and in the direct vision channel. However, with an increase of the aperture, field of view and working spectral range, the spread of the values of the beam angle of incidence and the wavelength increases when solving the diffraction problem at different points on the hologram surface which imposes restrictions on spatial resolution and diffraction efficiency. To overcome this phenomenon, it is proposed to use a composite hologram which represents a volume phase grating divided into zones with independently varying parameters of the fringes tilt, their shape, the holographic layer thickness and the refraction index modulation depth. We propose an algorithm that allows ray tracing through a hologram recorded by two coherent point sources using an auxiliary aspherical mirror. The initial ray tracing in the hologram recording scheme is performed using the error function minimization by the orthogonal descent and golden section methods. Based on the results obtained, the directional vectors of the diffracted beam are calculated using the Welford equation. Using the tracing results, the hologram diffraction efficiency is computed with the Kogelnik’s coupled wave theory. The proposed algorithms are implemented in the Zemax Optics Studio software. The application of the proposed composite hologram element and the tools for operation modeling are shown on an example of display operating in the range of 510–530 nm with the field of view of 7°36ʹ × 5°48ʹ and the exit pupil diameter of 8 mm. It is shown that the proposed solutions make it possible to increase the diffraction efficiency by 3.45 times. At the same time, the spatial resolution increases by 12.7 % varying across the field of view in the range of 0ʹ44ʺ–1ʹ6ʺ. The use of composite holograms allows one to create displays with higher spatial resolution and brightness of the projected image as well as uniformity of the characteristics across the field of view.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дифракционная эффективность</kwd><kwd>объемно-фазовая голограмма</kwd><kwd>волноводный голографический дисплей</kwd><kwd>дополненная реальность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diffraction efficiency</kwd><kwd>volume phase hologram</kwd><kwd>waveguide holographic display</kwd><kwd>augmented reality</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РНФ № 21-79-00082. Особую благодарность за проделанную работу хотим высказать Илье Андреевичу Гуськову.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research is funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant № 21-79-00082. We also would like to thank our colleague Ilya A. 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