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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2022-22-6-1216-1225</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-368</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ И КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODELING AND SIMULATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Моделирование процесса стационарного термоотражения для измерения теплопроводности материалов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Simulating the process of steady-state thermoreflectance for measuring the thermal conductivity of materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9123-8983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тукмакова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tukmakova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тукмакова Анастасия Сергеевна – кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник; доцент</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 194292;</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p><p>sc 57103805600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiia S. Tukmakova – PhD, Senior Researcher</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 194292;</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p><p>sc 57103805600</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">astukmakova@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4948-2023</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демченко</surname><given-names>П. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demchenko</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Демченко Пётр Сергеевич – научный сотрудник; аспирант</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 194292;</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p><p>sc 57194214776</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petr S. Demchenko – Scientific Researcher; PhD Student</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 194292;</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p><p>sc 57194214776</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">petr.s.demchenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-0610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тхоржевский</surname><given-names>И. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkhorzhevskiy</surname><given-names>I. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тхоржевский Иван Леонидович – научный сотрудник; аспирант</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 194292;</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p><p>sc 57216155194</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan L. Tkhorzhevskiy – Scientific Researcher; PhD Student</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 194292;</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p><p>sc 57216155194</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iltkhorzhevskiy@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0073-2415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новотельнова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novotelnova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новотельнова Анна Владимировна – кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p><p>sc 56436689700</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Novotelnova – PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p><p>sc 56436689700</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">novotelnova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7261-8350</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ходзицкий</surname><given-names>М. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khodzitsky</surname><given-names>M. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ходзицкий Михаил Константинович – кандидат физико-математических наук, начальник сектора</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 194292</p><p>sc 16444444600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail K. Khodzitskiy – PhD (Physics &amp; Mathematics), Head of Research Department</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 194292</p><p>sc 16444444600</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khodzitskiy@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «ТИДЕКС»; Университет ИТМО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>OOO Tidex; ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет ИТМО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «ТИДЕКС»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>OOO Tidex</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1216</fpage><lpage>1225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тукмакова А.С., Демченко П.С., Тхоржевский И.Л., Новотельнова А.В., Ходзицкий М.К., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тукмакова А.С., Демченко П.С., Тхоржевский И.Л., Новотельнова А.В., Ходзицкий М.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tukmakova A.S., Demchenko P.S., Tkhorzhevskiy I.L., Novotelnova A.V., Khodzitsky M.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/368">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/368</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Предмет исследования</title><p>Предмет исследования. Измерение теплопроводности методом стационарного термоотражения основано на эффекте нагрева исследуемого образца лазерным излучением. Мощность отраженного от образца излучения определяется с помощью дополнительного зондирующего лазера. Изменение коэффициента отражения исследуемого материала при нагреве пропорционально изменению температуры образца. Поглощенная материалом мощность излучения выступает в качестве объемного источника теплоты. Величина теплопроводности рассчитана в соответствии с законом теплопроводности Фурье. При этом установка стационарного термоотражения требует калибровки, то есть проведения измерений теплопроводности эталонных образцов. Величина калибровочного коэффициента, в свою очередь, зависит от характеристик используемых в установке лазеров. В работе предложена численная модель нагрева образца, позволяющая учитывать форму и диаметр пучка падающего излучения, распределение мощности излучения по площади пучка, коэффициент поглощения и отражения материала. Предложена методика определения коэффициентов отражения и поглощения образцов, включающая экспериментальные измерения и расчеты с учетом эффекта Фабри–Перо.</p></sec><sec><title>Метод</title><p>Метод. Исследования выполнены для образцов германия, кремния, арсенида галлия и ситалла. Облучение проведено диодным одномодовым лазером в непрерывном режиме с длиной волны 980 нм. Распределение мощности падающего излучения по площади пучка аппроксимировано в соответствии с функцией Гаусса в программе OriginPro. Выполнено измерение мощности излучения, прошедшего через образцы и отраженного от них. Температура образцов при облучении определена при помощи тепловизора. Коэффициенты отражения и поглощения образцов исследуемых материалов получены по результатам измерения мощности излучения с использованием математической модели взаимодействия плоскополяризованного ТЕ электромагнитного излучения с материалом. Сравнение результатов расчета с известными данными для образцов германия, кремния и ситалла показало их соответствие. Для арсенида галлия отмечено расхождение результатов расчета с данными, полученными другими исследователями. С целью изучения образцов арсенида галлия применена модель, учитывающая эффект Фабри–Перо, а оптические свойства определены численно, путем поиска минимума модулей передаточных функций прошедшего и отраженного излучений в программе MATLAB. Модель электромагнитного нагрева исследуемых образцов реализована в программной среде COMSOL Multiphysics.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные результаты</title><p>Основные результаты. Предложена методика определения коэффициентов отражения и поглощения материалов, исследуемых методом стационарного термоотражения. Представленная модель позволяет учесть форму, ширину пучка и распределение мощности излучения, а также величину поглощенной мощности излучения для каждого образца. Различие расчетных значений температуры образца с результатами измерений не превышает 9 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость. Модель может быть применена для измерения теплопроводности объемных и тонкопленочных материалов с малоизученными свойствами.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The measurement of thermal conductivity by the method of steady-state thermoreflectance is based on the effect of heating the sample by laser radiation. The power of reflected radiation from the sample is measured using an additional probe laser. The change in the reflection coefficient of the studied material due to the heating is proportional to the change of the sample temperature. The radiation power absorbed by the material acts as a volumetric heat source. The value of thermal conductivity is calculated according to the Fourier’s law of thermal conductivity. A steady-state thermoreflectance setup requires calibration, i.e., thermal conductivity measurement of reference samples. The value of the calibration coefficient, in turn, depends on the characteristics of the lasers used in the setup. In this work, a numerical model of sample heating is proposed which allows considering the shape and diameter of the incident radiation beam, the distribution of radiation power over the beam area, and the absorption and reflection coefficients of the material. A methodology for samples reflection and absorption coefficients determination, including measurements and calculations considering the Fabry-Perot effect, is proposed. The study was performed for the samples of germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, and sitall. The irradiation was performed with a continuous wave single-mode diode laser with a wavelength of 980 nm. The incident radiation power distribution over the beam area was approximated according to the Gaussian function in the OriginPro software. The radiation power that passed through the samples and reflected from them was measured. The temperature of the samples during irradiation was measured with a thermal imager. The reflection and absorption coefficients of the samples were determined from the results of radiation power measurements using a mathematical model of the interaction of plane-polarized TE electromagnetic radiation with the material. Comparison of the calculation results with the literature data for germanium, silicon, and sitall samples showed their correspondence. For gallium arsenide there was a discrepancy between the calculation results and the literature data. For gallium arsenide samples, a model considering the Fabry-Perot effect was used, and the optical properties were determined numerically by searching for the minimum modules of the transfer functions of the transmitted and reflected radiation in the Matlab program. The model of electromagnetic heating of the investigated samples was implemented in the COMSOL Multiphysics software. A method for the determination of the reflection and absorption coefficients of materials investigated by the steady-state thermorflectance is proposed. The proposed model allows considering beam shape, width and distribution of the radiation power as well as the value of the absorbed radiation power for each sample. The difference between the calculated values of the sample temperature and the measurement results does not exceed 9 %. The model can be applied to measure the thermal conductivity of bulk and thin-film materials with unknown properties.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стационарное термоотражение</kwd><kwd>коэффициент теплопроводности</kwd><kwd>оптические методы измерения теплопроводности</kwd><kwd>моделирование электромагнитного нагрева</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>steady-state thermoreflectance</kwd><kwd>thermal conductivity coefficient</kwd><kwd>optical methods for thermal conductivity measurement</kwd><kwd>electromagnetic heating modelling</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РНФ № 22-22-00597 «Исследование теплопроводности тонкопленочных термоэлектриков оптическими методами».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant № 22-22-00597 «Study of thermal conductivity of thin-film thermoelectrics by optical «methods».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маскаева Л.Н., Федорова Е.А., Марков В.Ф. 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