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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2024-24-6-1007-1015</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-407</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMPUTER SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Повышение безопасности Kubernetes с использованием машинного обучения: проактивный подход к обнаружению аномалий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Enhancing Kubernetes security with machine learning: а proactive approach to anomaly detection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1116-9410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дарвиш</surname><given-names>Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Darwesh</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дарвиш Гадир - аспирант,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ghadeer Darwesh - PhD Student,</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ghadeerdarwesh32@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2033-0838</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаммуд</surname><given-names>Ж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hammoud</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хаммуд Жаафар - аспирант,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jaafar Hammoud - PhD Student,</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hammoudgj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6691-6167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobeva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воробьева Алиса Андреевна - кандидат технических наук, доцент,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alisa A. Vorobeva - PhD, Associate Professor,</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vorobeva@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет ИТМО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1007</fpage><lpage>1015</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дарвиш Г., Хаммуд Ж., Воробьева А.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дарвиш Г., Хаммуд Ж., Воробьева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Darwesh G., Hammoud J., Vorobeva A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/407">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/407</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Kubernetes — ключевая платформа для масштабируемого и эффективного развертывания микросервисов. С увеличением масштабируемости возрастает сложность выявления и своевременного обнаружения специфических типов атак в динамичных средах Kubernetes.</p></sec><sec><title>Метод</title><p>Метод. В работе предложен подход для повышения безопасности Kubernetes, позволяющий детектировать атаки типа «отказ в обслуживании» (Denial of Service, DoS), основанный на использовании методов машинного обучения. Подход базируется на данных, полученных от пользовательского агента мониторинга, осуществляющего сбор телеметрической информации из различных источников, включая реальные рабочие нагрузки, сценарии атак, имитацию взлома и перегрузку ресурсов в контейнерах и подах. Полученные данные размечаются и обрабатываются, включая нормализацию и временной анализ для создания полноценного набора данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные результаты</title><p>Основные результаты. В ходе экспериментов протестированы различные классификаторы машинного обучения. Наиболее высокие показатели качества получены с использованием алгоритмов Random Forest и AdaBoost, дающие макро F1-оценки 0,9990 ± 0,0006 и 0,9990 ± 0,0003 соответственно. Разработанный подход позволяет эффективно отличать перегрузки ресурсов, вызванные атаками от естественных перегрузок, и обеспечивает точное выявление DoS-атак. Предложенная модель машинного обучения демонстрирует высокую точность в обнаружении инцидентов безопасности, существенно снижая количество ложных срабатываний.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Полученные результаты показывают, что модели машинного обучения могут стать основой для создания проактивной системы безопасности Kubernetes, которая обеспечит надежную защиту от специфических векторов атак, сохраняя при этом стабильность системы. Полученные результаты могут быть полезны исследователям и специалистам в области кибербезопасности приложения Kubernetes.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Kubernetes has become a cornerstone of modern software development enabling scalable and efficient deployment of microservices. However, this scalability comes with significant security challenges, particularly in detecting specific attack types within dynamic and ephemeral environments. This study presents a focused application of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to enhance security in Kubernetes by detecting Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and differentiating between DoS attacks, resource overload caused by attacks, and natural resource overloads. We developed a custom monitoring agent that collects telemetry data from various sources, including real-world workloads, actual attack scenarios, simulated hacking attempts, and induced overloading on containers and pods, ensuring comprehensive coverage. The dataset comprising these diverse sources was meticulously labeled and preprocessed, including normalization and temporal analysis. We employed and evaluated various ML classifiers, with Random Forest and AdaBoost emerging as the top performers, achieving F1 macro scores of 0.9990 ± 0.0006 and 0.9990 ± 0.0003, respectively. The novelty of our approach lies in its ability to accurately distinguish between different types of resource overloads and provide robust detection of DoS attacks within Kubernetes environments. These models demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in detecting security incidents, significantly reducing false positives and false negatives. Our findings highlight the potential of ML models to provide a targeted, proactive security framework for Kubernetes, offering robust protection against specific attack vectors while maintaining system reliability. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>безопасность Kubernetes</kwd><kwd>микросервисы</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>обнаружение аномалий</kwd><kwd>контейнеризация</kwd><kwd>кибербезопасность</kwd><kwd>телеметрические данные</kwd><kwd>обнаружение угроз в реальном времени</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kubernetes security</kwd><kwd>microservices</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>anomaly detection</kwd><kwd>containerization</kwd><kwd>cybersecurity</kwd><kwd>telemetry data</kwd><kwd>real-time threat detection</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nobre J., Pires E.J., Reis A. 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