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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2024-24-6-1016-1023</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-408</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMPUTER SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Многозадачное обучение на основе префиксов для устойчивого текстового поиска</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prompt-based multi-task learning for robust text retrieval</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-5252</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маслюхин</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Masliukhin</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маслюхин Сергей Михайлович - инженер, Санкт-Петербург, 197101;</p><p>ведущий научный сотрудник, Санкт-Петербург, 194044</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei M. Masliukhin - Engineer, Saint Petersburg, 197101;</p><p>Leading Researcher, Saint Petersburg, 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smmasliukhin@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9442-8021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Посохов</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Posokhov</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Посохов Павел Александрович - аспирант, программист, Санкт-Петербург, 197101;</p><p>научный сотрудник, Санкт-Петербург, 194044</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel A. Posokhov - PhD Student, Software Developer, Saint Petersburg, 197101;</p><p>Scientific Researcher, Saint Petersburg, 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">paposokhov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7557-7870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скрыльников</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skrylnikov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Скрыльников Степан Сергеевич - магистр, младший научный сотрудник, </p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 194044</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stepan S. Skrylnikov - Student, Junior Researcher,</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">skrylnikov@speechpro.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-9654</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махныткина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhnytkina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Махныткина Олеся Владимировна - кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olesia V. Makhnytkina - PhD, Associate Professor, Associate Professor,</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makhnytkina@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8551-5100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивановская</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanovskaya</surname><given-names>T. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивановская Татьяна Юрьевна - преподаватель,</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana Yu. Ivanovskaya - Lecturer,</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">taturiva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет ИТМО;&#13;
ООО «ЦРТ-инновации»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>ITMO University;&#13;
OOO “STC Innovations”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «ЦРТ-инновации»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>OOO “STC Innovations”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет ИТМО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1016</fpage><lpage>1023</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Маслюхин С.М., Посохов П.А., Скрыльников С.С., Махныткина О.В., Ивановская Т.Ю., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Маслюхин С.М., Посохов П.А., Скрыльников С.С., Махныткина О.В., Ивановская Т.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Masliukhin S.M., Posokhov P.A., Skrylnikov S.S., Makhnytkina O.V., Ivanovskaya T.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/408">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/408</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Экспоненциальный рост цифровой информации требует устойчивых методов текстового поиска, поскольку большинство методов направлено на решение конкретной задачи или домена, что ограничивает их использование. Решением в таком случае могут являться многозадачные модели, требующие использования методов разделения задач. Многие исследования изучают многозадачное обучение для улучшения обобщения и фокусируются на больших моделях. Вместе с тем в реальных задачах речевой аналитики, требующих поиска среди сотен миллионов векторов в реальном времени, более подходящими становятся модели меньшего размера.</p></sec><sec><title>Метод</title><p>Метод. В работе представлен новый подход к повышению устойчивости многозадачных моделей текстового поиска на основе префиксов. Применяется контрастное обучение как для многозадачных, так и однозадачных моделей-энкодеров. Выполнено сравнение моделей на устойчивость и проанализирована эффективность различных стратегий использования подсказок, включая жесткие, представленные явными инструкциями на естественном языке (инструктивные префиксы), и мягкие подсказки разной длины, представленные специальными токенами модели (обучаемые префиксы) разной длины. Эксперименты выполнены с применением подсказок как к запросу и кандидату, так и отдельно к запросам, для повторного использования предварительно закодированных кандидатов в многозадачном поиске без значительной потери качества.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные результаты</title><p>Основные результаты. Проведено сравнение полученных результатов по метрикам R@1, R@5 и MRR, являющимися наиболее применимыми для оценки поисковых моделей внутри и вне домена обучения. Однозадачные модели показали себя лучше при работе с данными в пределах домена обучения. Многозадачные модели продемонстрировали лучшую применимость на данных вне домена обучения, что подчеркивает их повышенную устойчивость к его смене. Для сохранения этого свойства в данной работе рассмотрено применение префиксов к обоим элементам — запросу и документу, что обеспечивает лучшую устойчивость, чем их обособленное применение к запросу. Обучаемые префиксы оказались более предпочтительными по сравнению с инструктивными, поскольку они лучше адаптируют модель к различным доменам.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны для улучшения моделей текстового поиска, особенно в сценариях, связанных с многозадачными системами, где требуется высокая адаптивность и производительность на новых данных. Обучаемые префиксы могут быть эффективным инструментом повышения устойчивости моделей в различных приложениях, таких как информационный поиск и системы вопросов-ответов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The exponential growth of digital information necessitates the development of robust text retrieval methods since most of the methods are domain or task-specific which limits their implementation. In this case multi-task learning is a promising alternative as it helps a model to have more meaningful embeddings; however such cases require usage of task separation methods. Many studies explore multi-task learning to improve generalization but tend to focus on large models. However, in real-world, speech analytics tasks that require searching through hundreds of millions of vectors in real-time, smaller models become more appropriate. This paper presents a novel approach to enhance the robustness of multi-task text retrieval models through the use of prompts. We use contrastive learning to train encoder models both in single-task and multi-task configurations and compare their performances as well as analyze the efficiency of different prompt usage strategies including hard prompts represented by explicit natural language instructions and soft prompts of varying lengths represented by model special tokens. Experiments are conducted by applying prompts to both the query and candidate document as well as to queries only keeping the candidate without prompts to reuse pre-encoded candidates in multi-task retrieval without significant quality loss. The obtained results are compared using R@1, R@5, and MRR metrics which are most applicable for evaluating in-domain and out-of-domain search. Single-task models show better performance on in-domain training data, while multi-task models demonstrate superior performance on out-of-domain data highlighting their increased robustness to domain shifts. Applying prompts to both elements–query and document–yields better performance than applying them solely to the query. Soft prompts are found to be preferable to hard as they better adapt the model to different domains. The findings of this study can be useful for improving text retrieval models, especially in scenarios involving multi-task systems where high adaptability and performance on new data are required. Trainable prompts could be an effective tool for enhancing the flexibility of models in various applications, such as information retrieval and question-answering systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>контрастное обучение</kwd><kwd>текстовый поиск</kwd><kwd>многозадачное обучение</kwd><kwd>персона</kwd><kwd>методология сбора данных</kwd><kwd>диалоговые данные</kwd><kwd>разговорные агенты</kwd><kwd>персонализация</kwd><kwd>генерация вопросов и ответов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>contrastive learning</kwd><kwd>text retrieval</kwd><kwd>question answering</kwd><kwd>multi-task learning</kwd><kwd>fine-tuning</kwd><kwd>persona</kwd><kwd>data collection methodology</kwd><kwd>dialog data</kwd><kwd>conversational agents</kwd><kwd>personalization</kwd><kwd>question and answer generation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (22-11-00128, https://www.rscf.ru/ project/22-11-00128/).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (22-11-00128, https://www.rscf.ru/ project/22-11-00128/).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hambarde K.A., Proença H. 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