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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2025-25-1-42-52</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-419</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMPUTER SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Большие языковые модели в информационной безопасности и тестировании на проникновение: систематический обзор возможностей применения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Large language models in information security and penetration testing: a systematic review of application possibilities</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-9956</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Конев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Konev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Конев Антон Александрович — кандидат технических наук, доцент, заместитель директора Института системной интеграции и безопасности, доцент кафедры КИБЭВС</p><p>Томск, 634050</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton A. Konev — PhD, Associate Professor, Deputy Director of the Institute of System Integration and Security, Associate Professor of the Department</p><p>Tomsk, 634050</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kaa@fb.tusur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4923-1689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паюсова</surname><given-names>Т. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Payusova</surname><given-names>T. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Паюсова Татьяна Игоревна — доцент</p><p>Тюмень, 625003</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana I. Payusova — Associate Professor</p><p>Tyumen, 625003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.i.payusova@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Томский государственный университет систем управления и радиоэлектроники</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (TUSUR)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Конев А.А., Паюсова Т.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Конев А.А., Паюсова Т.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konev A.A., Payusova T.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/419">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/419</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Развитие технологий искусственного интеллекта, в частности, больших языковых моделей ( Large Learning Model, LLM), привело к изменениям во многих сферах жизни и деятельности человека. Информационная безопасность также претерпела существенные изменения. Тестирование на проникновение (пентест) позволяет оценить систему защиты на практике в «боевых» условиях. LLM могут вывести практический анализ защищенности на качественно новый уровень с точки зрения автоматизации и возможности генерации нестандартных шаблонов атаки. Представленный в работе систематический обзор направлен на определение уже известных способов применения LLM в кибербезопасности, а также на выявление «белых пятен» в развитии технологии. Метод. Отбор исследуемых научных работ осуществлялся в соответствии с многоступенчатым руководством PRISMA на основании анализа аннотаций и ключевых слов публикаций. Полученная выборка была дополнена с помощью метода «снежного кома» и ручного поиска статей. Суммарное количество публикаций составило 50 работ с января 2023 г. по март 2024 г. Основные результаты. В работе выполнен анализ способов применения LLM в области информационной безопасности (поддержка целеполагания и принятия решений, автоматизация пентеста, анализ защищенности моделей LLM и программного кода). Определены архитектуры LLM (GPT-4, GPT-3.5, Bard, LLaMA, LLaMA 2, BERT, Mixtral 8×7B Instruct, FLAN, Bloom) и программные решения на базе LLM (GAIL-PT, AutoAttacker, NetSecGame, Cyber Sentinel, Microsoft Counterfit, GARD project, GPTFUZZER, VuRLE), применяемые в области информационной безопасности. Установлены ограничения (конечное «время жизни» данных для обучения LLM, недостаточные когнитивные способности языковых моделей, отсутствие самостоятельного целеполагания и сложности при адаптации LLM к новым параметрам задачи). Выявлены потенциальные точки роста и развития технологии в контексте киберзащиты (исключение «галлюцинаций» моделей и обеспечение защиты LLM от джейлбрейков, осуществление интеграции известных разрозненных решений и программная автоматизация выполнения задач в области информационной безопасности с помощью LLM). Обсуждение. Полученные результаты могут быть полезны при разработке собственных теоретических и практических решений, обучающих и тренировочных наборов данных, программных комплексов и инструментов для проведения тестирования на проникновение. Исследование поможет в реализации новых подходов к построению LLM и повышению их когнитивных способностей, учитывающих аспекты работы с джейлбрейками и «галлюцинациями», а также для самостоятельного дальнейшего многостороннего изучения вопроса.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The development of artificial intelligence technologies, in particular, large language models (LLM), has led to changes in many areas of human life and activity. Information security (IS) has also undergone significant changes. Penetration testing (pentest) allows evaluating the security system in practice in “combat” conditions. LLMs can take practical security analysis to a qualitatively new level in terms of automation and the ability to generate non-standard attack patterns. The presented systematic review is aimed at determining the already known ways of applying LLM in cybersecurity, as well as identifying “blank spots” in the development of technology. The selection of literature sources was carried out in accordance with the multi-stage PRISMA guidelines based on the analysis of abstracts and keywords of publications. The resulting sample was supplemented using the “snowball” method and manual search of articles. The total number of publications was 50 works from January 2023 to March 2024. The conducted research allowed to analyze the ways of using LLM in the field of information security (goal setting and decision-making support, pentest automation, security analysis of LLM models and program code), determine the LLM architectures (GPT-4, GPT-3.5, Bard, LLaMA, LLaMA 2, BERT, Mixtral 8×7B Instruct, FLAN, Bloom) and software solutions based on LLM used in the field of information security (GAIL-PT, AutoAttacker, NetSecGame, Cyber Sentinel, Microsoft Counterfit, GARD project, GPTFUZZER, VuRLE), to establish limitations (finite “lifetime” of data for LLM training, insufficient cognitive abilities of language models, lack of independent goal setting and difficulties in adapting LLM to new task parameters), identify potential growth points and development of technology in the context of cyber defense (elimination of “hallucinations” of models and ensuring protection of LLM from jailbreaks, implementation of integration of known disparate solutions and software automation of tasks in the field of information security using LLM). The presented results can be useful in developing theoretical and practical solutions, educational and training datasets, software packages and tools for penetration testing, new approaches to building LLM and improving their cognitive abilities, taking into account aspects of working with jailbreaks and “hallucinations”, as well as for independent further multilateral study of the issue.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обработка естественного языка</kwd><kwd>компьютерная лингвистика</kwd><kwd>ChatGPT</kwd><kwd>пентест</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>наступательная безопасность</kwd><kwd>моделирование атак</kwd><kwd>автоматизация</kwd><kwd>Red Teaming</kwd><kwd>джейлбрейк</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>natural language processing</kwd><kwd>computational linguistics</kwd><kwd>ChatGPT</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>attack modeling</kwd><kwd>Red Teaming</kwd><kwd>jailbreaking</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ в рамках базовой части государственного задания ТУСУРа на 2023–2025 гг. (проект № FEWM-2023-0015).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russia, Government Order for 2023–2025, project no. FEWM-2023-0015 (TUSUR).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konev A., Shelupanov A., Kataev M., Ageeva V., Nabieva A. A survey on threat-modeling techniques: protected objects and classification of threats // Symmetry. 2022. V. 14. N 3. P. 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030549</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konev A., Shelupanov A., Kataev M., Ageeva V., Nabieva A. A survey on threat-modeling techniques: protected objects and classification of threats // Symmetry. 2022. V. 14. N 3. 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