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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2025-25-3-545-553</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-478</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ И КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODELING AND SIMULATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Методы извлечения k-меров и признаков из наборов метагеномных графов де Брейна на основе информации о классах образцов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Feature extraction methods for metagenome de Bruijn graphs collections based on samples classification information</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7997-0637</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Артем Борисович — младший научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва, 119435;</p><p>Аспирант</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p><p>sc 57222438932</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem B. Ivanov — Junior Researcher</p><p>Moscow, 119435;</p><p>PhD Student</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p><p>sc 57222438932</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abivanov@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2723-2077</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шалыто</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shalyto</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шалыто Анатолий Абрамович — доктор технических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, профессор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p><p>sc 56131789500</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoly A. Shalyto — D.Sc., Chief Researcher, Full Professor</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p><p>sc 56131789500</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anatoly.shalyto@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-830X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ульянцев</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ulyantsev</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ульянцев Владимир Игоревич — кандидат технических наук, доцент</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p><p>sc 55062303000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir I. Ulyantsev — PhD, Associate Professor</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p><p>sc 55062303000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ulyantsev@itmo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научно-клинический центр физико-химической медицины им. академика Ю. М. Лопухина Федерального медико-биологического агентства;&#13;
Университет ИТМО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lopukhin FRCC PCM;&#13;
ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет ИТМО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>545</fpage><lpage>553</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иванов А.Б., Шалыто А.А., Ульянцев В.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов А.Б., Шалыто А.А., Ульянцев В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov A.B., Shalyto A.A., Ulyantsev V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/478">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/478</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Рассмотрена задача сравнительного анализа наборов метагеномных образцов с использованием графов де Брейна. Для повышения точности работы классификационных моделей разработаны методы автоматического извлечения признаков на основе результатов сравнительного анализа метагеномных образцов, экспертных метаданных и статистических тестов. Под признаками в данной работе понимаются связные подграфы графа де Брейна.Методы. Первый метод unique_kmers применяется для извлечения из данных строк длины k (k-меров), которые встречаются только в образцах одного класса. Второй метод stats_kmers применяется для извлечения k-меров, частота встречаемости которых статистически отличается между классами образцов. Для извлечения интерпретируемых признаков разработан третий метод, в котором реализовано выделение подграфов из графов де Брейна на основе опорных вершин, получаемых в результате применения одного из первых двух методов. Анализ данных состоит из двух этапов: вначале применяется метод unique_kmers или stats_kmers для предварительной обработки данных, затем к полученным результатам применяется третий метод для получения интерпретируемых признаков.Основные результаты. Апробация методов проведена на четырех сгенерированных тестовых наборах данных, которые моделируют параметры реальных метагеномных сообществ, такие как наличие похожих видов (штаммов) или разницу в частоте встречаемости бактерии. Разработанные методы были применены для извлечения признаков, которые использовались для классификации образцов из тестовых наборов. Для сравнения в качестве признаков использовались результаты таксономической аннотации образцов с помощью программы Kraken2. Показано, что качество классификации образцов повысилось при применении в классификационных моделях признаков, полученных с помощью предложенных методов, по сравнению с классификационными моделями, обученными на таксономических признаках.Обсуждение. Разработанные методы полезны при сравнительном анализе данных метагеномного секвенирования и могут служить основой систем поддержки принятия решений, например, при диагностировании заболеваний людей на основе данных секвенирования микробиоты кишечника.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper considers the comparative analysis of metagenomic samples collections using de Bruijn graphs. We propose methods for automatic feature extraction based on the results of comparative sample analysis, expert metadata, and statistical tests to improve the accuracy of classification models. In this paper features are connected subgraphs of the de Bruijn graph. The first method, named unique_kmers, is used to extract strings of length k (k-mers) that occur only in samples of the certain class. The second method, named stats_kmers, is used to extract k-mers whose frequency of occurrence statistically differs between sample classes. To extract interpretable features, a third method has been developed that implements the extraction of subgraphs from de Bruijn graphs based on the selected nodes obtained as a result of applying one of the first two methods. Data analysis consists of two stages: firstly, unique_kmers or stats_kmers method is applied for data preprocessing, secondly, the third method is applied to obtain interpretable features. The methods were tested on four generated datasets that model the properties of real metagenomic communities such as the presence of similar species (strains) or differences in the relative abundance of bacteria. The developed methods were used to extract features. Machine learning model was trained in extracted features to classify samples from the test datasets. For comparison, the results of taxonomic annotation of samples using the Kraken2 program were used as features. It was shown that the accuracy of samples classification increased when using features obtained using the proposed methods in classification models compared to classification models trained on taxonomic features. The developed methods are useful for comparative analysis of metagenomic sequencing data and can form the basis of decision support systems, for example, in human diseases diagnostics based on gut microbiota sequencing data.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>извлечение признаков</kwd><kwd>граф де Брейна</kwd><kwd>k-меры</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd><kwd>метагеномика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>feature extraction</kwd><kwd>de Bruijn graph</kwd><kwd>k-mers</kwd><kwd>classification</kwd><kwd>metagenomics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fierer N. 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