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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2025-25-5-856-865</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-515</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMPUTER SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Методы роевой оптимизации частиц и локальных эвристик  для решения мультиагентной задачи коммивояжёра</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Particle swarm optimization methods and local heuristics  for solving the multiple traveling salesman problem</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-5949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мифтахов</surname><given-names>Э. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Miftakhov</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мифтахов Эльдар Наилевич — доктор физико-математических наук, профессор</p><p>sc 56178153800</p><p>Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eldar N. Miftakhov — <ext-link xlink:href="http://D.Sc/" ext-link-type="uri">D.Sc.</ext-link> (Physics &amp; Mathematics), Professor</p><p>sc 56178153800</p><p>Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">promif@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3387-2959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акимов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akimov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акимов Андрей Анатольевич — кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, доцент</p><p>sc 56428598700</p><p>Москва, 119454</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Akimov — PhD (Physics &amp; Mathematics), Associate Professor, Associate Professor</p><p>sc 56428598700</p><p>Moscow, 119454</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andakm@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9264-3989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гнатенко</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnatenko</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гнатенко Юлия Ахнафовна — кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, доцент</p><p>sc 9234055300</p><p>Стерлитамак, 453103</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya A. Gnatenko — PhD (Physics &amp; Mathematics), Associate Professor, Associate Professor</p><p>sc 9234055300</p><p>Sterlitamak, 453103</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">y.a.gnatenko@struust.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МИРЭА — Российский технологический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MIREA — Russian Technological University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Стерлитамакский филиал Уфимского университета науки и технологий</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Branch of the Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>856</fpage><lpage>865</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мифтахов Э.Н., Акимов А.А., Гнатенко Ю.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мифтахов Э.Н., Акимов А.А., Гнатенко Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Miftakhov E.N., Akimov A.A., Gnatenko Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/515">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/515</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Представлены результаты разработки и апробации метода решения мультиагентной задачи коммивояжёра (Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem, mTSP) с целью минимизации максимальной длины маршрутов («минимаксная» оптимизация). Объектом исследования является комбинаторное пространство маршрутов, возникающее при распределении городов между несколькими агентами, что обуславливает необходимость равномерного распределения нагрузки и предотвращения перегрузки отдельных маршрутов. Новизна подхода заключается в создании дискретного аналога классического алгоритма роевой оптимизации частиц (Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO), адаптированного для работы с перестановками, а также в интеграции его с локальными эвристическими процедурами и муравьиным алгоритмом (Ant Colony Optimization, ACO).</p></sec><sec><title>Метод</title><p>Метод. Предложенный метод базируется на преобразовании исходной задачи mTSP в классическую задачу коммивояжёра для одного агента (TSP) посредством введения фиктивных депо, что позволяет однозначно разделить общий маршрут на отдельные части для каждого агента. Ключевым элементом является модификация PSO с использованием новых операций для дискретного пространства, таких как вычисление минимальной последовательности обменов (транспозиций) между перестановками, масштабирование скорости и применение ее к маршруту. Данный подход позволяет эффективно исследовать комбинаторное пространство решений и предотвращать преждевременную сходимость алгоритма.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные результаты</title><p>Основные результаты. Экспериментальное исследование проведено на тестовых наборах стандартной библиотеки TSPLIB (eil51.tsp, berlin52.tsp, eil76. tsp, rat99.tsp) для задачи TSP, в ходе которого сравнивались два сценария: классический PSO со случайной инициализацией и гибридный метод PSO_ACO, где метод ACO используется для формирования начальной популяции. Результаты эксперимента продемонстрировали существенное улучшение по «минимаксному» критерию по сравнению с методами CPLEX, LKH3, OR-Tools, а также современными подходами DAN, NCE и EA, что подтверждает эффективность предложенного решения.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Разработанный алгоритм может найти применение в логистике, транспортном планировании, распределении потоков в сетях связи и иных областях, где требуется оптимальное распределение ресурсов. Представленный метод будет полезен специалистам в области оптимизации, алгоритмического моделирования и практикам, занимающимся разработкой систем управления и планирования.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper presents the development and evaluation of a method for solving the Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (mTSP), with the objective of minimizing the maximum route length (“minimax” optimization). The study addresses the combinatorial route-space arising from distributing cities among multiple agents, requiring balanced workload distribution to avoid overloading individual routes. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in creating a discrete analogue of the classical Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm adapted specifically for permutation-based route representations, and integrating it with local heuristic procedures and the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm. The proposed method transforms the original mTSP into a classical single-agent Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) by introducing artificial (dummy) depots, thus allowing an unambiguous separation of the overall route into individual segments for each agent. A key element of the solution involves adapting the PSO algorithm through novel discrete operations, such as computing the minimal sequence of exchanges (transpositions) between permutations, scaling velocity, and applying this velocity to routes. This approach ensures efficient exploration of the combinatorial solution space and prevents premature convergence of the algorithm. The experimental study was conducted on benchmark instances from the TSPLIB library (eil51.tsp, berlin52.tsp, eil76.tsp, rat99.tsp) for the TSP, comparing two scenarios: a classical PSO with random initialization and a hybrid PSO_ACO method where the ACO algorithm is used to generate the initial population. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the minimax criterion compared to CPLEX, LKH3, OR-Tools as well as state-of-the-art approaches DAN, NCE, and EA, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The practical importance of this research lies in potential applications of the developed algorithm in logistics, transport planning, network traffic management, and other domains where optimal resource allocation is crucial. The proposed method is valuable for specialists in optimization, algorithmic modeling, and practitioners developing planning and management systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>роевый алгоритм оптимизации частиц</kwd><kwd>мультиагентная задача коммивояжёра</kwd><kwd>минимаксная оптимизация</kwd><kwd>дискретная оптимизация</kwd><kwd>муравьиный алгоритм</kwd><kwd>локальные эвристики</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>particle swarm optimization</kwd><kwd>multiple traveling salesman problem</kwd><kwd>minimax optimization</kwd><kwd>discrete optimization</kwd><kwd>ant colony optimization</kwd><kwd>local heuristics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carter A.E., Ragsdale C.T. A new approach to solving the multiple traveling salesperson problem using genetic algorithms // European Journal of Operational Research. 2006. V. 175. 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