ntvНаучно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптикиScientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics2226-14942500-0373Университет ИТМО10.17586/2226-1494-2026-26-2-258-265ntv-587Research ArticleНОВЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ И НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИИMATERIAL SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIESИсследование проводимости нанопипеток в зависимости от их формы и размеровStudy of nanopipettes conductivity depending on their shape and sizehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3361-6947ЖуковМ. В.ZhukovM. V.

Жуков Михаил Валерьевич — кандидат технических наук, научный сотрудник 

Санкт-Петербург, 198095

sc 55800160700  

Mikhail V. Zhukov — PhD, Scientific Researcher 

Saint Petersburg, 198095 

sc 55800160700 

cloudjyk@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5356-1261ЛукашенкоС. Ю.LukashenkoS. Yu.

Лукашенко Станислав Юрьевич — кандидат физико-математических наук, младший научный сотрудник 

Санкт-Петербург, 198095

sc 57035153200  

Stanislav Yu. Lukashenko — PhD (Physics & Mathematics), Junior Researcher 

Saint Petersburg, 198095 

sc 57035153200 

lukashenko13@mail.ruИнститут аналитического приборостроения РАНРоссияInstitute for Analytical Instrumentation RASRussian Federation202620042026262258265Copyright © Жуков М.В., Лукашенко С.Ю., 20262026Жуков М.В., Лукашенко С.Ю.Zhukov M.V., Lukashenko S.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/587

Введение. Стеклянные пипетки с микро- и наноразмерным выходным отверстием применяются для неразрушающего исследования морфологии нативных биологических объектов в жидкой фазе, в биосенсорах и 3D-печати. Форма и размеры пипеток оказывают решающее влияние на их ионную проводимость и механическую устойчивость, что напрямую влияет на результаты измерений с их использованием. В работе исследована ионная проводимость при изменении формы и размера пипеток, полученных при разных условиях их формирования. Обнаружен и изучен эффект нелинейной проводимости ионного тока высокоаспектных нанопипеток с размерами выходного отверстия от 100 нм и менее. Метод. Формирование стеклянных пипеток осуществлялось под воздействием нагрева и последующего осевого растягивания капилляров под механической нагрузкой. Форма и размеры сформированных пипеток определялись с использованием сканирующего электронного микроскопа. Металлизация поверхности пипеток тонким слоем золота с целью улучшения их визуализации в электронном микроскопе проводилась методом магнетронного распыления. Измерение ионной проводимости и диаметра выходного отверстия пипетки выполнен методом вольтамперометрии. Основные результаты. Выявлена зависимость изменения ионной проводимости от формы и размера стеклянных пипеток, полученных при вариации параметров тепловой вытяжки. Установлены параметры тепловой вытяжки, обеспечивающие формирование нанопипеток конической и высокоаспектной форм с выходными отверстиями 100–200 нм и углом схождения при вершине 3–8°, применяемыми в сканирующей капиллярной микроскопии. Получены пипетки с выходным отверстием 500–1000 нм и углом схождения 3–5°, используемые в методе локальной фиксации потенциала (patch-clamp). Показано, что при использовании высокоаспектных нанопипеток с сопротивлениями ионной проводимости около 50–100 МОм и размерами выходного отверстия 100 нм и менее возникает эффект селективной проводимости ионного тока. Обсуждение. Установлено, что результаты работы позволят формировать пипетки с заданной проводимостью, формой и размерами. Показано, что учет эффектов нелинейной проводимости дает возможность применения высокоаспектных нанопипеток в таких областях, как сканирующая капиллярная микроскопия, метод patch-clamp, микро- и нанообъемная инжекция веществ в клетки, нанобиопсия и капиллярная 3D-печать.

There is increasing interest in research on glass pipettes with micro- and nanoscale outlets which are used for nondestructive morphology studies of native biological objects in liquids, biosensors, and 3D printing. The shape and size of pipettes have a decisive influence on their ionic conductivity and mechanical stability, which directly impacts the results of measurements using them. This study examines ionic conductivity with changes in the shape and size of pipettes produced under different formation conditions. The effect of nonlinear ion current conductivity on high-aspectratio nanopipettes with outlet sizes of about 100 nm or less was discovered and studied. Glass pipettes are formed by heating and subsequent axial stretching of the capillaries under mechanical load. The shape and size of the formed pipettes are determined using a scanning electron microscope. The pipette surface is coated with a thin layer of Au using magnetron sputtering to improve their visibility in the electron microscope. Ionic conductivity and pipette outlet diameter are measured using voltammetry. The dependence of ionic conductivity changes on the shape and size of glass pipettes was obtained by varying thermal pulling parameters. Thermal pulling parameters were determined that ensure the formation of conical and high-aspect-ratio nanopipettes with 100–200 nm outlet and 3–8° convergence angles at the apex, used in scanning capillary microscopy. Pipettes with 500–1000 nm outlet and 3–5° convergence angles, used in the patch-clamp method, were obtained. Cases of nonlinear conductivity with different Ion Current Rectification Coefficients, arising when using high-aspect-ratio nanopipettes with ionic conductivity resistances of approximately 50–100 MΩ, were studied. The obtained results will enable the formation of pipettes with a given conductivity, shape, and size as well as the consideration of the effects of nonlinear conductivity of high-aspect-ratio nanopipettes in such areas as scanning capillary microscopy, the patch-clamp method, micro- and nanovolume injection of substances into cells, nanobiopsy, and capillary 3D printing.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.