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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2026-26-3-495-503</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-617</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>COMPUTER SCIENCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ кластеров контейнерной виртуализацией при сочетании  нагрузки, ориентированной на вычисления и ввод-вывод информации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Analysis of queuing systems with container virtualization handling CPU-bound and input/output-bound workloads</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-0223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельничук</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnichuk</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельничук Михаил  —  аспирант</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Michael Melnichuk — PhD Student</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mikel.melnichuk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-0223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богатырев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogatyrev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Богатырев Владимир Анатольевич  —  доктор технических  наук,  профессор</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197101</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Bogatyrev — D. Sc., Professor</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197101</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimir.bogatyrev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет ИТМО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>ITMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>495</fpage><lpage>503</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мельничук М., Богатырев В.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельничук М., Богатырев В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Melnichuk M., Bogatyrev V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/617">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/617</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Платформы  контейнерной  оркестровки, такие  как  Kubernetes,  используют  автоматическое масштабирование  для  поддержания производительности  при  динамических  рабочих нагрузках.  При  этом  выбор дисциплин балансировки  нагрузки  осуществляется  с применением  аппарата  теории  массового обслуживания. Однако  в  настоящее  время ощущается  недостаток  моделей  очередей  и исследований,  отражающих  влияние неоднородности  потоков  запросов  на  задержки  их обслуживания  в  активно  внедряемых  кластерных системах контейнерной  виртуализации.  В  работе выполнена  количественная  оценка  и  определение влияния  неоднородности рабочей  нагрузки,  на производительность  кластерной  системы. Метод. Предложен  усовершенствованный подход  к моделированию  кластера  Kubernetes,  учитывающий смешанный  характер  рабочей  нагрузки, ориентированной  как  на  вычисления,  так  и  на ввод-вывод  информации.  В  представленном подходе  сделан  акцент на  сочетании аналитического  моделирования  и экспериментальных  исследований.  Эксперименты проведены на  выделенном  физическом  сервере  с двухузловым  кластером  Kubernetes,  что обеспечивает  повышенную достоверность результатов  по  сравнению  с  полностью  виртуализированными  средами.  Основные результаты. Экспериментально  подтверждено,  что параметр  неоднородности,  фундаментально определяет  характер  влияния числа разворачиваемых  контейнеров  (масштабирования) на  производительность  кластера.  Для  рабочих нагрузок с  высокой  долей  запросов,  требующих значительного  потребления  вычислительных ресурсов  установлено  резкое снижение производительности  при  превышении оптимального  количества  контейнеров,  в  то  время как  для нагрузок,  ориентированных  на  ввод-вывод информации,  характерен  эффект  плато  с незначительным  снижением производительности при  избыточном  выделении  ресурсов.  Полученные результаты  показывают  V-образную зависимость времени  обслуживания  от  количества разворачиваемых  в  кластере  контейнеров, демонстрируя различную  чувствительность  к  масштабированию  в  зависимости  от  типа  рабочей  нагрузки.  Обсуждение. Полученные  результаты  являются  основой  для  дифференцированного  подхода  к  масштабированию  контейнеров в  зависимости  от  неоднородности  потока  запросов  с  интенсивным  использованием  процессора  или  вводом-выводом.  Перспективным  направлением  дальнейших  исследований  является  разработка  адаптивных  алгоритмов масштабирования,  динамически  учитывающих  изменение  характера  рабочей  нагрузки  в  реальном  времени.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Container orchestration platforms such as Kubernetes use automatic scaling to maintain performance under dynamic workloads. At the same time, the choice of load balancing disciplines is carried out using the queuing theory apparatus. However, there is currently a lack of queue models and studies reflecting the impact of heterogeneity of request flows on service delays in the currently actively implemented container virtualization cluster systems. The purpose of this study is to quantify and determine the impact of workload heterogeneity on cluster system performance. An improved approach to modeling a Kubernetes cluster is proposed, taking into account the mixed nature of the workload, focused on both computing and information input and output (I/O). The proposed approach is based on a combination of analytical modeling and experimental research. The experiments were conducted on a dedicated physical server with a two-node Kubernetes cluster, which provides increased reliability of the results compared to fully virtualized environments. It has been experimentally confirmed that the heterogeneity parameter fundamentally determines the nature of the impact of the number of deployed containers (scaling) on cluster performance. Workloads with a high proportion of requests requiring significant consumption of computing resources have shown a sharp decrease in performance when the optimal number of containers is exceeded, while workloads focused on I/O are characterized by a plateau effect with a slight decrease in performance when resources are overallocated. The results obtained show a V-shaped dependence of service time on the number of containers deployed in the cluster, demonstrating different sensitivity to scaling depending on the type of workload. The results obtained are the basis for a differentiated approach to container scaling depending on the heterogeneity of the request flow with intensive CPU usage or I/O. A promising area of further research is the development of adaptive scaling algorithms that dynamically take into account the changing nature of the workload in real time.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теория массового обслуживания</kwd><kwd>Kubernetes</kwd><kwd>рабочая нагрузка</kwd><kwd>оптимизация</kwd><kwd>контейнер</kwd><kwd>облачные вычисления</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>queuing theory</kwd><kwd>Kubernetes</kwd><kwd>workload</kwd><kwd>optimization</kwd><kwd>container</kwd><kwd>cloud computing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santhi K., Saravanan R. Performance analysis of cloud computing using series of queues with Erlang service // International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions. 2019. V. 9. N 1-2. 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