<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2026-26-3-574-586</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-625</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ И КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODELING AND SIMULATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Параметрическое моделирование гидродинамики отверстий различной конфигурации  в перфорированных газораспределительных решетках и определение их расходных коэффициентов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Parametric modeling of the hydrodynamics of orifices of various configurations in perforated gas distribution grids and determination of their discharge coefficients</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-0059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmin</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьмин Максим Игоревич — руководитель направления по разработке программного обеспечения</p><p>sc 59374615000</p><p>Москва, 111524</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maksim I. Kuzmin — Head of the Software Development Department</p><p>sc 59374615000</p><p>Moscow, 111524</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mimikatz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-0059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аникин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anikin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аникин Андрей Витальевич — младший научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва, 111524</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Anikin — Junior Researcher</p><p>Moscow, 111524</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anikinwk@gmail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4419-6983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохрякова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhryakova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хохрякова Юлия Алексеевна — инженер-программист</p><p>Москва, 111524</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya A. Khokhryakova — Software Engineer</p><p>Moscow, 111524</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hohriakovajulia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4419-6983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушнирук</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushniruk</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кушнирук Давид Ильич — начальник отдела</p><p>sc 59374334400</p><p>Москва, 111524</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>David I. Kushniruk — Head of Department</p><p>sc 59374334400</p><p>Moscow, 111524</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k.davjd@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственный научно-исследовательский и проектный институт редкометаллической промышленности «Гиредмет» имени Н.П. Сажина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.P. Sazhin State Scientific Research and Design Institute of Rare Metal Industry “Giredmet” JSC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>574</fpage><lpage>586</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кузьмин М.И., Аникин А.В., Хохрякова Ю.А., Кушнирук Д.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузьмин М.И., Аникин А.В., Хохрякова Ю.А., Кушнирук Д.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuzmin M.I., Anikin A.V., Khokhryakova Y.A., Kushniruk D.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/625">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/625</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Перфорированные конструкционные элементы из-за своей низкой стоимости и простоты изготовления широко применяются в химической и других отраслях промышленности, выполняя в составе соответствующих аппаратов, машин и устройств различные специфические функции. Одна из наиболее распространенных функций — равномерное распределение газа по рабочему объему. Данный аспект считается ключевым, например, в аппаратах псевдоожиженного слоя, так как от него напрямую зависит характер и эффективность протекающего процесса. В связи с этим конструкция перфорированного элемента на этапе проектирования должна быть четко обоснована в контексте соответствия заданным технологическим требованиям для конкретного способа применения. Одним из важнейших параметров, определяющих поведение потока сплошной среды в подобных системах, служит расходный коэффициент — величина, характеризующая отклонение реального объемного расхода от теоретически возможного. Его корректное определение позволяет установить количественную связь между геометрией и гидродинамическими характеристиками потока, что особенно важно при инженерных расчетах и оптимизации конструкции. Метод. Исследованы 6 конфигураций одиночных отверстий и один тип перфорированного элемента с простыми цилиндрическими отверстиями, расположенными по паттерну равностороннего треугольника. Параметрическое моделирование методом вычислительной гидродинамики проводилось в программной среде конечно-элементного анализа COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1. Критериальные зависимости формировались в соответствии с теорией подобия и Π-теоремой Бэкингема. Результаты моделирования обрабатывались с помощью методов многомерной нелинейной регрессии (алгоритм Левенберга–Марквардта с мультистартовой инициализацией вектора начальных параметров). Выбор конкретных критериальных выражений осуществлялся по информационным критериям Байеса и Акаике. Точность полученных моделей определялась на основе коэффициентов детерминации и корреляции, а также средней абсолютной процентной ошибки. Основные результаты. Получена совокупность критериальных выражений для расходного коэффициента 6 конфигураций единичных отверстий и перфорированного элемента с цилиндрическими отверстиями. Установлено, что в исследованных диапазонах безразмерных параметров расходный коэффициент описывается преимущественно экспоненциальными зависимостями с насыщением по числу Рейнольдса. Для единичных отверстий достигнуты значения коэффициентов корреляции и детерминации 0,97–0,99 при средней абсолютной процентной ошибке 3–8 %. Для перфорированной решетки коэффициент детерминации достигает 0,99 при средней абсолютной процентной ошибке 5,48 %. Обсуждение. Полученные критериальные выражения для расходного коэффициента имеют прикладное значение как часть более общих методик проектирования плоских перфорированных газораспределительных устройств поскольку через него устанавливается количественная связь между геометрией, общим гидравлическим сопротивлением перфорированного элемента и реальной линейной скоростью в каналах. Предложенный в работе подход может быть использован в самостоятельном виде для исследования газораспределительных устройств, обладающих регулярной и более сложной конструкцией.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Perforated structural elements are widely used in the chemical and other process industries due to their low cost and ease of manufacture, fulfilling various specific functions as parts of apparatuses, machines, and equipment. One of the most common functions is the uniform distribution of gas throughout the working volume. This aspect is crucial, for example, in fluidized-bed apparatuses, because the flow pattern and the efficiency of the ongoing process depend directly on it. Therefore, the design of a perforated element at the engineering stage must be clearly justified in terms of compliance with the specified process requirements for a particular application. One of the key parameters governing the behavior of a continuous-medium flow in such systems is the discharge coefficient which characterizes the deviation of the actual volumetric flow rate from the theoretically possible one. Its accurate determination makes it possible to establish a quantitative relationship between geometry and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow which is especially important for engineering calculations and design optimization. Six configurations of single orifices and one type of perforated element with simple cylindrical holes arranged in an equilateral-triangular pattern were investigated. Parametric computational fluid dynamics modeling was performed in the finite-element environment COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1. Dimensionless correlations were formulated in accordance with similarity theory and the Buckingham Pi theorem. The simulation results were processed using multivariate nonlinear regression methods (Levenberg Marquardt algorithm with multi-start initialization of the parameter vector). The selection of specific correlation forms was carried out using the Bayesian and Akaike information criteria. The accuracy of the resulting models was assessed using correlation and determination coefficients as well as the mean absolute percentage error. A set of dimensionless correlations for the discharge coefficient was obtained for six single-orifice configurations and for a perforated element with cylindrical holes. It was found that within the studied ranges of dimensionless parameters, the discharge coefficient is predominantly described by exponential relationships with saturation with respect to the Reynolds number. For single orifices, correlation and determination coefficients of 0.97–0.99 were achieved with a mean absolute percentage error of 3–8 %. For the perforated plate the coefficient of determination reaches 0.99 with a mean absolute percentage error of 5.48 %. The derived discharge coefficient correlations have practical value as part of broader design methodologies for flat perforated gas-distribution devices, since they provide a quantitative link between geometry, the overall hydraulic resistance of the perforated element, and the actual linear velocity in the channels. The approach proposed in this work can also be used independently to study gas-distribution devices with both regular and more complex configurations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>расходный коэффициент отверстия</kwd><kwd>газораспределительная решетка</kwd><kwd>параметрическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>гидродинамика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>orifice discharge coefficient</kwd><kwd>gas distribution grid</kwd><kwd>parametric modeling</kwd><kwd>hydrodynamics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stuppy M.L., Roe F.C., Muller R., Hartley J.R. Types of filter bottoms // Journal American Water Works Association. 1954. V. 46. N 6. P. 548–554 doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1954.tb20264.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stuppy M.L., Roe F.C., Muller R., Hartley J.R. Types of filter bottoms. Journal American Water Works Association, 1954, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 548–554 doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1954.tb20264.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mikulenok I.O. Designs of bubble caps of the contact plates of massexchange columns (review of patents) // Chemical and Petroleum Engineering. 2018. V. 54. N 5-6. P. 410–417. doi: 10.1007/s10556-018-0495-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikulenok I.O. Designs of bubble caps of the contact plates of massexchange columns (review of patents). Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2018, vol. 54, no. 5-6, pp. 410–417. doi: 10.1007/s10556-018-0495-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baird M.H.I, Vijayan S., Rao N.V.R., Rohatgi A. Extraction and absorption with a vibrating perforated plate // The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 1989. V. 67. N 5. P. 787–800. doi: 10.1002/cjce.5450670510</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baird M.H.I, Vijayan S., Rao N.V.R., Rohatgi A. Extraction and absorption with a vibrating perforated plate. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 1989, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 787–800. doi: 10.1002/cjce.5450670510</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ismail A., Khalid A., Kiong T.Y. Analysis of mixing effectiveness of perforated plate for inline static mixer // Journal of Complex Flow. 2020. V. 2. N 1. P. 16–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismail A., Khalid A., Kiong T.Y. Analysis of mixing effectiveness of perforated plate for inline static mixer. Journal of Complex Flow, 2020, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 16–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dang M., Jia X., Jiang W., Yin J., Wang R. Study on the uniform flow in adsorption device with perforated plate distributor // Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2024. V. 208. P. 490–499. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2024.07.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dang M., Jia X., Jiang W., Yin J., Wang R. Study on the uniform flow in adsorption device with perforated plate distributor. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2024, vol. 208, pp. 490–499. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2024.07.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang R., Guo X., Zhan M., Liu Y. CFD analysis of the intensification mechanism of bubble breakup by perforated plates in a bubble column // Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification. 2025. V. 213. P. 110288. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110288</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang R., Guo X., Zhan M., Liu Y. CFD analysis of the intensification mechanism of bubble breakup by perforated plates in a bubble column. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 2025, vol. 213, pp. 110288. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110288</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johansen F.C. Flow through pipe orifices at low Reynolds numbers // Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 1930. V. 126. N 801. P. 231–245. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1930.0004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johansen F.C. Flow through pipe orifices at low Reynolds numbers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 1930, vol. 126, no. 801, pp. 231–245. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1930.0004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall G.W. Analytical determination of the discharge characteristics of cylindrical-tube orifices // Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. 1963. V. 5. N 1. P. 91–97. doi: 10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1963_005_013_02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall G.W. Analytical determination of the discharge characteristics of cylindrical-tube orifices. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 1963, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 91–97. doi: 10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1963_005_013_02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jorissen A.L., Newton H.T. Discharge measurements by means of cylindrical nozzles // Journal of Fluids Engineering. 1952. V. 74. N 5. P. 825–835. doi: 10.1115/1.4015933</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jorissen A.L., Newton H.T. Discharge measurements by means of cylindrical nozzles. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 1952, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 825–835. doi: 10.1115/1.4015933</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spikes R.H., Pennington G.A. Discharge coefficient of small submerged orifices // Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 1959. V. 173. N 1. P. 661–674. doi: 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1959_173_055_02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spikes R.H., Pennington G.A. Discharge coefficient of small submerged orifices. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1959, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 661–674. doi: 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1959_173_055_02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ашихин В.И., Геллер З.И., Скобельцын Ю.А. Истечение реальных жидкостей из внешних цилиндрических насадков // Нефтяное хозяйство. 1961. № 9. С. 55–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashikhin V.I., Geller Z.I., Skobeltsyn Yu.A. The outflow of real liquid from external cylindrical nozzles. Oil Industry, 1961, no. 9, pp. 55-59. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lichtarowicz A., Duggins R.K., Markland E. Discharge coefficients for incompressible non-cavitating flow through long orifices // Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science. 1965. V. 7. N 2. P. 210-219. doi: 10.1243/jmes_jour_1965_007_029_02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lichtarowicz A., Duggins R.K., Markland E. Discharge coefficients for incompressible non-cavitating flow through long orifices. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 1965, vol. 7, no.2, pp. 210–219. doi: 10.1243/jmes_jour_1965_007_029_02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolodzie P.A., Van Winkle M. Discharge coefficients through perforated plates // AIChE Journal. 1957. V. 3. N 3. P. 305–312. doi: 10.1002/aic.690030304</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolodzie P.A., Van Winkle M. Discharge coefficients through perforated plates. AIChE Journal, 1957, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 305–312. doi: 10.1002/aic.690030304</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith P.L., Van Winkle M. Discharge coefficients through perforated plates at Reynolds numbers of 400 to 3,000 // AIChE Journal. 1958. V. 4. N 3. P. 266–272. doi: 10.1002/aic.690040306</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith P.L., Van Winkle M. Discharge coefficients through perforated plates at Reynolds numbers of 400 to 3,000. AIChE Journal, 1958, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 266–272. doi: 10.1002/aic.690040306</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузьмин М.И., Кушнирук Д.И., Аникин А.В., Верба С.В., Зубов Д.В. Применение концепции цифрового двойника на этапах проектирования, моделирования и управления химическим процессом // Программные продукты и системы. 2024. № 4. С. 629–637. doi: 10.15827/0236-235X.148.629-637</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmin M.I., Kushniruk D.I., Anikin A.V., Verba S.V., Zubov D.V. Applying the digital twin concept to chemical process design, modeling and control. Software &amp; Systems, 2024, no. 4, pp. 629–637. (in Russian). doi: 10.15827/0236-235X.148.629-637</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang S., Ma T., Wang D., Lin Z Study on discharge coefficient of perforated orifices as a new kind of flowmeter // Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2013. V. 46. P. 74–83. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.11.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang S., Ma T., Wang D., Lin Z Study on discharge coefficient of perforated orifices as a new kind of flowmeter. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2013, vol. 46, pp. 74–83. doi: 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.11.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomaszewska-Wach B., Ligus G. Assessment of the impact of k-ε and k-ω turbulence models on the compatibility of CFD simulations with PIV measurements for flow through a measuring orifice // Applied Sciences. 2025. V. 15. N 22. P. 12204. doi: 10.3390/app152212204</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomaszewska-Wach B., Ligus G. Assessment of the impact of k-ε and k-ω turbulence models on the compatibility of CFD simulations with PIV measurements for flow through a measuring orifice. Applied Sciences, 2025, vol. 15, no. 22, pp. 12204. doi: 10.3390/app152212204</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilcox D.C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, 2006. 522 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilcox D.C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, 2006, 522 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
