<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2026-26-3-617-627</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-629</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ И КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODELING AND SIMULATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Алгоритм генерации криптографически стойких S-блоков, оптимизированных для программируемых логических интегральных схем</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>An algorithm for generating cryptographically stable S-box optimized for programmable logic integrated circuits</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8692-7474</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шибакин</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shibakin</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шибакин Илья Владиславович — техник</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197376</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya V. Shibakin — Technician</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shibakin12@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4695-4507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левина</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levina</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Левина Алла Борисовна — кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент</p><p>sc 56427692900</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197376</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alla B. Levina — PhD (Physics &amp; Mathematics), Associate Professor</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Alla_levina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4695-4507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куприянов</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kupriyanov</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куприянов Михаил Степанович — доктор технических наук, профессор, руководитель перспективных направлений</p><p>sc 56785609900</p><p>Санкт-Петербург, 197376</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail S. Kupriyanov — D.Sc., Professor, Head of Prospective Areas</p><p>Saint Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mskupriyanov@etu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет «ЛЭТИ» им. В.И. Ульянова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>617</fpage><lpage>627</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шибакин И.В., Левина А.Б., Куприянов М.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шибакин И.В., Левина А.Б., Куприянов М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shibakin I.V., Levina A.B., Kupriyanov M.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/629">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/629</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Криптографические примитивы, реализованные на программируемых логических интегральных схемах (ПЛИС), обладают рядом преимуществ по сравнению со своими программными аналогами, они эффективнее по производительности и потреблению энергии. В то же время, для реализации на ПЛИС, важна компактность представления элементов криптографического примитива, например таблиц замен (S-блоков). В работе представлен алгоритм генерации криптографически стойких S-блоков, компактных в реализации на ПЛИС. Метод. На основе алгоритма генерации бент-функций с помощью вейвлет-преобразования разработан алгоритм построения S-блоков. Рассчитаны нелинейность, дифференциальная равномерность, лавинный эффект, критерий независимости бит, генерируемых предложенным алгоритмом S-блоков. Проведено сравнение криптографических характеристик генерируемых S-блоков и S-блоков, используемых в американском стандарте симметричного шифрования Advanced Encryption Standard и отечественном шифре «Кузнечик». Проанализирован лавинный эффект хэш-функции «Стрибог» при использовании S-блока и S-блока, сгенерированного разработанным алгоритмом, проведено сравнение затрат ресурсов ПЛИС. Основные результаты. По криптографическим характеристикам генерируемые разработанным алгоритмом S-блоки превосходят, или не уступают существующим, но не являются биективными, что сужает сферу их применения. Лавинный эффект хэш-функции «Стрибог» при применении ее S-блока и S-блока, сгенерированного разработанным алгоритмом, не отличаются. Анализ результатов синтеза реализаций хэш-функции показал, что использование разработанного S-блока позволяет экономить около 1000 Look Up Table на ПЛИС. Обсуждение. Разработанные S-блоки по криптографическим характеристикам не уступают существующим, или превосходят их. Предложенные S-блоки компактнее использующихся в аппаратной реализации на ПЛИС, но не биективны, что делает наиболее целесообразным и естественным их применение в необратимых криптографических примитивах, реализованных на ресурсо-ограниченных встраиваемых системах.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cryptographic primitives implemented on Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) have a number of advantages over their software counterparts; they are more efficient in terms of performance and energy consumption. At the same time, for implementation on FPGAs, it is important to have a compact representation of cryptographic primitive elements such as substitution tables (S-boxes). This paper presents a cryptographically strong S-box that is compact in its implementation on FPGAs. Based on the algorithm for generating bent functions using wavelet transform, an algorithm for constructing S-boxes has been developed. The nonlinearity, differential uniformity, avalanche effect, and Bit Independence Criterion (BIC) of the S-boxes generated by the developed algorithm are calculated. Diagrams have been constructed showing the distribution of S-boxes by nonlinearity and differential uniformity values for different values of the algorithm input data. A comparison was made of the cryptographic properties of the generated S-boxes and the S-boxes used in the American Advanced Encryption Standard symmetric encryption standard and the Russian Kuznechik cipher. The avalanche effect of the Streebog hash function was analyzed when using its S-box and the S-box generated by the developed algorithm, and a comparison of FPGA resource utilization was performed. The best results in terms of nonlinearity, differential uniformity, avalanche effect, and BIC are achieved by S-boxes consisting of bent functions that have no terms higher than degree two (quadratic bent functions) in algebraic normal form. In terms of cryptographic properties, the S-boxes generated by the developed algorithm are superior to or not inferior to existing ones, but they are not bijective, which narrows their field of application. The avalanche effect of the hash function with its original S-box and the S-box generated by the developed algorithm do not differ. Analysis of the results of the synthesis of hash function implementations showed that the use of the developed S-box allows saving about 1000 Look Up Tables on the FPGA. The S-boxes presented in this work are not inferior to existing ones in terms of cryptographic properties, or surpass them. The developed S-boxes are more compact than existing ones in hardware implementation on FPGAs, but they are not bijective, which makes their use most appropriate and natural in irreversible cryptographic primitives implemented on resource-limited embedded systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>S-блок</kwd><kwd>ПЛИС</kwd><kwd>бент-функция</kwd><kwd>лавинный эффект</kwd><kwd>нелинейность</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная равномерность</kwd><kwd>BIC</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>S-box</kwd><kwd>FPGA</kwd><kwd>bent function</kwd><kwd>avalanche effect</kwd><kwd>nonlinearity</kwd><kwd>differential uniformity</kwd><kwd>BIC</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации № 075-00003-24-02 от 08.02.2024 (проект FSEE-2024-0003).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Science Foundation (Project “Goszaadanie” No. 075-00003-24-02, FSEE-2024-0003).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsui M. Linear cryptanalysis method for DES cipher // Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1994. V. 765. P. 386–397. doi: 10.1007/3-540-48285-7_33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsui M. Linear cryptanalysis method for DES cipher. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1994, vol. 765, pp. 386–397. doi: 10.1007/3-540-48285-7_33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zyubina D.A., Tokareva N.N. Cryptographic properties of a simple S-box construction based on a Boolean function and a permutation // Applied Discrete Mathematics. Application. 2020. N 13. P. 41–43. doi: 10.17223/2226308x/13/13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zyubina D.A., Tokareva N.N. Cryptographic properties of a simple S-box construction based on a Boolean function and a permutation. Applied Discrete Mathematics. Application, 2020, no. 13, pp. 41–43. doi: 10.17223/2226308x/13/13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nitaj A., Susilo W., Tonien J. A New improved AES S-box with enhanced properties // Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 2020. V. 12248. P. 125–141. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-55304-3_7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nitaj A., Susilo W., Tonien J. A New improved AES S-box with enhanced properties. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2020, vol. 12248, pp. 125–141. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-55304-3_7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui J., Huang L., Zhong H., Chang C., Yang W. An improved AES S-box and its performance analysis // International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control. 2011. V. 7. N 5 (A). P. 2291–2302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui J., Huang L., Zhong H., Chang C., Yang W. An improved AES S-box and its performance analysis. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 2011, vol. 7, no. 5 (a), pp. 2291–2302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zahid A.H., Arshad M.J. An innovative design of substitution-boxes using cubic polynomial mapping. // Symmetry. 2019. V. 11. N 3. P. 437. doi: 10.3390/sym11030437</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zahid A.H., Arshad M.J. An innovative design of substitution-boxes using cubic polynomial mapping. Symmetry, 2019, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 437. doi: 10.3390/sym11030437</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rothaus O. On “bent” functions // Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A. 1976. V. 20. N 3. P. 300–305. doi: 10.1016/0097-3165(76)90024-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rothaus O. On “bent” functions. Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 1976, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 300–305. doi: 10.1016/0097-3165(76)90024-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dillon J.F. A survey of bent functions // The NSA Technical Journal. 1972. Special Issue. P. 191–215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dillon J.F. A survey of bent functions. The NSA Technical Journal, 1972, special issue, pp. 191–215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McFarland R.L. A family of difference sets in non-cyclic groups // Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A. 1973. V. 15. N 1. P. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/0097-3165(73)90031-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McFarland R.L. A family of difference sets in non-cyclic groups. Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 1973, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/0097-3165(73)90031-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carlet C. Boolean functions for cryptography and error-correcting codes // Boolean Models and Methods in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Engineering. 2007. P. 257–398.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carlet C. Boolean functions for cryptography and error-correcting codes. Boolean Models and Methods in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Engineering, 2007, pp. 257–398.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biham E., Shamir A. Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like cryptosystems // Journal of Cryptology. 1991. V. 4. N 1. P. 372. doi: 10.1007/bf00630563</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biham E., Shamir A. Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like cryptosystems. Journal of Cryptology, 1991, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 372. doi: 10.1007/bf00630563</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Токарева Н.Н. Нелинейные булевы функции: бент-функции и их обобщения: Теоретические результаты. Saarbrucken, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2011. 180 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tokareva N.N. Nonlinear Boolean Functions: Bent Functions and their Generalizations. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2011, 180 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mar P.P., Latt K.M. New analysis methods on strict avalanche criterion of S-Boxes // International Journal of Mathematical, Computational, Physical, Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2008. V. 2. N 12. P. 899–903.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mar P.P., Latt K.M. New analysis methods on strict avalanche criterion of S-Boxes. International Journal of Mathematical, Computational, Physical, Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2008, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 899–903.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Webster A.F., Tavares S.E. On the design of S-Boxes // Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1985. V. 218. P. 523–534. doi: 10.1007/3-540-39799-X_41</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Webster A.F., Tavares S.E. On the design of S-Boxes. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1985, vol. 218, pp. 523–534. doi: 10.1007/3-540-39799-X_41</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Detombe J., Tavares S. Constructing large cryptographically strong S-boxes // Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1993. V. 718. P. 165-181. doi: 10.1007/3-540-57220-1_60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Detombe J., Tavares S. Constructing large cryptographically strong S-boxes. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1993, vol. 718, pp. 165-181. doi: 10.1007/3-540-57220-1_60</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шибакин И.В., Левина А.Б. Алгоритм генерации бент-функций с помощью вейвлет–преобразования // Безопасность информационных технологий. 2025. Т. 32. № 4. С. 106–121. doi: 10.26583/bit.2025.4.08</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shibakin I.V., Levina A.B. Algorithm for generation of bent functions using wavelet transform. It Security (Russia), 2025, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 106–121. (in Russian). doi: 10.26583/bit.2025.4.08</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демьянович Ю.К., Ходаковский В.А. Введение в теорию вэйвлетов: учебное пособие. СПб.: Издательство ПГУПС, 2007. 50 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demyanovich Yu.K., Khodakovsky V.A. Introduction to Wavelet Theory: A Teaching Medium. St. Petersburg, PGUPS Publ., 2007, 50 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
