<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ntv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-1494</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-0373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Университет ИТМО</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17586/2226-1494-2022-22-5-912-920</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ntv-76</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НОВЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ И НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MATERIAL SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование влияния отклонения от стехиометрии  иттрий-алюминиевого граната на эффективность конверсии ионов хрома  в четырехвалентное состояние</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The impact of yttrium aluminum garnet stoichiometry deviation  on the conversion efficiency of tetravalent chromium ions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5255-9346</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малявин</surname><given-names>Ф. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyavin</surname><given-names>F. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малявин Федор Федорович — заведующий лабораторией</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>sc 55748614600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fedor F. Malyavin — Head of Laboratory</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>sc 55748614600</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fedormalyavin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0645-1166</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кравцов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kravtsov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кравцов Александр Александрович — кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник; научный сотрудник</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>Ростов-на-Дону, 344060</p><p>sc 57191056680</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Kravtsov — PhD, Senior Researcher</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>Rostov-on-Don, 344006</p><p>sc 57191056680</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sanya-kravtsov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-2681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарала</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarala</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тарала Виталий Алексеевич — кандидат химических наук, заведующий научно-лабораторным комплексом</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>sc 36873277700</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaly A. Tarala — PhD (Chemistry), Head of Laboratory Complex</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>sc 36873277700</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vitaly-tarala@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-8776</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чикулина</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chikulina</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чикулина Ирина Сергеевна — заведующий лабораторией</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>sc 57204186833</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina S. Chikulina — Head of Laboratory</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>sc 57204186833</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iraaaa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-8776</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вакалов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakalov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вакалов Дмитрий Сергеевич — кандидат физико-математических наук, заведующий лабораторией</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>sc 57204185431</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry S. Vakalov — PhD (Physics &amp; Mathematics), Head of Laboratory</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>sc 57204185431</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">megadims@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1938-4134</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лапин Вячеслав Анатольевич — кандидат технических наук, старший научный сотрудник; научный сотрудник</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>Ростов-на-Дону, 344060</p><p>sc 55748317300</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viacheslav A. Lapin — PhD, Senior Researcher; Scientific Researcher</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>Rostov-on-Don, 344006</p><p>sc 55748317300</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">viacheslavlapin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8810-4493</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikova</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никова Марина Сергеевна — кандидат технических наук, инженер</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>sc 57214126664</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina S. Nikova — PhD, Engineer</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>sc 57214126664</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m-s-shama@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4287-8183</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хорошилова</surname><given-names>С. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khoroshilova</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хорошилова Светлана Эдуардовна — кандидат химических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>sc 23990875300</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana E. Khoroshilova — PhD (Chemistry), Leading Researcher</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>sc 23990875300</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">skhoroshilova@ncfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5947-7810</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медяник</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medyanik</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Медяник Евгений Викторович — ведущий инженер</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>sc 57204793700</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii V. Medyanik — Leading Engineer</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>sc 57204793700</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">miedianik84@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4314-1578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулешов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuleshov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кулешов Дмитрий Сергеевич — инженер</p><p>Ставрополь, 355009</p><p>sc 55748259500</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry S. Kuleshov — Engineer</p><p>Stavropol, 355009</p><p>sc 55748259500</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kule-dmitry@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-Caucasus Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет; Федеральный исследовательский центр Южного научного центра Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North-Caucasus Federal University; Federal Research Center of the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>912</fpage><lpage>920</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малявин Ф.Ф., Кравцов А.А., Тарала В.А., Чикулина И.С., Вакалов Д.С., Лапин В.А., Никова М.С., Хорошилова С.Э., Медяник Е.В., Кулешов Д.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малявин Ф.Ф., Кравцов А.А., Тарала В.А., Чикулина И.С., Вакалов Д.С., Лапин В.А., Никова М.С., Хорошилова С.Э., Медяник Е.В., Кулешов Д.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malyavin F.F., Kravtsov A.A., Tarala V.A., Chikulina I.S., Vakalov D.S., Lapin V.A., Nikova M.S., Khoroshilova S.E., Medyanik E.V., Kuleshov D.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/76">https://ntv.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/76</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Предмет исследования</title><p>Предмет исследования. Исследованы эффективность конверсии ионов Cr4+ и оптические свойства керамики на основе иттрий-алюминиевого граната, легированного хромом. Повышение эффективности конверсии ионов Cr3+ в Cr4+ открывает широкие перспективы использования керамики в качестве насыщающихся поглотителей для пассивной модуляции добротности Nd- и Yb-твердотельных лазеров. Цель работы — исследование влияния концентрации оксида магния на эффективность конверсии ионов Cr3+ в Cr4+ в условиях избытка катионов Al3+ (4,8 мол.%) и Y3+ (2,9 мол.%) в структуре граната, а также при стехиометричном соотношении Y3+/Al3+ = 3/5. Исследована возможность изменения концентрации ионов Cr4+ как в октаэдрической, так и тетраэдрической позициях за счет образующихся дефектов замещения магния при отклонении состава композиции от стехиометрии иттрий-алюминиевого граната.</p></sec><sec><title>Метод</title><p>Метод. Оптическая керамика на основе иттрийалюминиевого граната с различным соотношением катионов Y3+/Al3+, допированная хромом, получена методом двухстадийного соосаждения. В качестве спекающей добавки и компенсатора заряда для преобразования ионов хрома из трехвалентного в четырехвалентное состояние использован оксид магния в концентрациях от 0 до 0,2 масс.%.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные результаты</title><p>Основные результаты. Установлено, что наличие избытка алюминия в матрице иттрийалюминиевого граната приводит к снижению эффективности конверсии ионов Cr3+ в Cr4+. Отклонение от стехиометрии в сторону избытка иттрия способствует снижению температуры отжига на воздухе, при которой происходит окисление ионов хрома в четырехвалентное состояние и их переход в тетраэдрическую позицию. Однако оптическое пропускание образцов с избытком иттрия ниже, чем в случае избытка алюминия и стехиометрии. Показано, что при увеличении температуры вакуумного спекания от 1780 до 1820 °С в образцах с избытком алюминия происходит повышение концентрации ионов Cr4+ в тетраэдрической позиции, о чем свидетельствует более высокая интенсивность поглощения на длине волны 1030 нм. Для случаев стехиометрии и избытка иттрия в гранате данный эффект выражен слабее.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость. Получены образцы оптической керамики иттрий-алюминиевого граната со светопропусканием более 75 % в видимом и ближнем инфракрасном диапазонах с выраженными полосами поглощения хрома. Результаты работы могут быть применены при создании пассивных затворов для твердотельных лазеров.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this work, the conversion efficiency of Cr4+ ions and the optical properties of ceramics based on chromium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet were investigated. Increasing the conversion efficiency of Cr3+ to Cr4+ opens up broad prospects for using YAG ceramics as saturable absorbers for passive Q-switching of Nd- and Yb-solid-state lasers. The aim of this work was to study the effect of magnesium oxide concentration on the conversion efficiency of Cr3+ to Cr4+ under conditions of Al3+ (4.8 mol.%) and Y3+ (2.9 mol.%) cations excess in the garnet structure as well as the stoichiometric ratio Y3+/Al3+ = 3/5. The possibility of changing the concentration of Cr4+ ions in both the octahedral and tetrahedral positions due to the formation of magnesium substitution defects when the composition deviates from the yttrium-aluminum garnet stoichiometry has been studied. Chromium-doped transparent optical ceramics based on yttrium-aluminum garnet with different ratios of Y3+/Al3+ cations was obtained by the two-stage coprecipitation method. Magnesium oxide was used as a sintering additive and charge compensator for converting chromium ions from the trivalent to the tetravalent state in concentrations of 0 to 0.2 wt.%. It was found that aluminum excess in the yttriumaluminum garnet matrix leads to a decrease in the Cr3+ to Cr4+ conversion efficiency. A deviation of stoichiometry towards an excess of yttrium leads to a decrease of air annealing temperature for oxidizing chromium ions to the tetravalent state and their transition to the tetrahedral position. However, the samples optical transmittance with an excess of yttrium was lower than in the cases of an excess of aluminum and stoichiometry. It was found that with an increase in the vacuum sintering temperature from 1780 to 1820 °C in the samples with an excess of aluminum, an increase in the concentration of Cr4+ ions in the tetrahedral position occurs, as evidenced by higher absorption intensity at a wavelength of 1030 nm. For the cases of stoichiometry and an excess of yttrium in garnet, this effect is less pronounced. Samples of optical ceramics of yttrium-aluminum garnet with a light transmission of more than 75 % in the visible and near-IR ranges with pronounced absorption bands of chromium have been obtained. The results of the work can be applied to the creation of passive switches for solid-state lasers.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оптически прозрачная керамика</kwd><kwd>иттрий-алюминиевый гранат</kwd><kwd>насыщающиеся поглотители для пассивной модуляции добротности</kwd><kwd>спектры оптического пропускания</kwd><kwd>стехиометрия</kwd><kwd>хром</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>optical transparent ceramics</kwd><kwd>yttrium aluminum garnet</kwd><kwd>saturable absorbers for passive Q-switching</kwd><kwd>optical transmission spectra</kwd><kwd>stoichiometry</kwd><kwd>chromium</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Совета по грантам Президента Российской Федерации (проект МК-3786.2021.1.3). Работа выполнена с использованием оборудования Центра коллективного пользования Северо-Кавказского федерального университета при финансовой поддержке Минобрнауки России, уникальный идентификатор проекта RF----2296.61321X0029 (соглашение № 075-15-2021-687).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was financially supported by the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation (project No. MK-3786.2021.1.3). The work was carried out using the equipment of the Center for Collective Use of the North Caucasus Federal University with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, unique project identifier RF ---- 2296.61321X0029 (agreement No. 075-15-2021-687).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong J., Ueda K., Shirakawa A., Yagi H., Yanagitani T., Kaminskii A. Composite Yb:YAG/Cr4+:YAG ceramics picosecond microchip lasers // Optics Express. 2007. V. 15. N 22. P. 14516–14523. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.014516</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong J., Ueda K., Shirakawa A., Yagi H., Yanagitani T., Kaminskii A. Composite Yb:YAG/Cr4+:YAG ceramics picosecond microchip lasers. Optics Express, 2007, vol. 15, no. 22, pp. 14516–14523. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.014516</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalisky Y. Cr4+-doped crystals: Their use as lasers and passive Q-switches // Progress in Quantum Electronics. 2004. V. 28. N 5. P. 249–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2004.09.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalisky Y. Cr4+-doped crystals: Their use as lasers and passive Q-switches. Progress in Quantum Electronics, 2004, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 249–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2004.09.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalisky Y., Kravchik L., Kokta M. Performance of diode-end-pumped Cr4+, Nd3+:YAG self-Q-switched and Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG diffusion bonded lasers // Optical Materials. 2004. V. 24. N 4. P. 607–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00163-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalisky Y., Kravchik L., Kokta M. Performance of diode-end-pumped Cr4+, Nd3+:YAG self-Q-switched and Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG diffusion bonded lasers. Optical Materials, 2004, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 607–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00163-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong J., Deng P. Laser performance of monolithic Cr,Nd:YAG selfQ-switched laser // Optics Communications. 2003. V. 220. N 4–6. P. 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4018(03)01450-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong J., Deng P. Laser performance of monolithic Cr,Nd:YAG selfQ-switched laser. Optics Communications, 2003, vol.  220, no. 4–6, pp. 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-4018(03)01450-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong J., Ueda K., Yagi H., Kaminskii A. Laser-diode pumped selfQ-switched microchip lasers // Optical Review. 2008. V. 15. N 2. P. 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10043-008-0010-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong J., Ueda K., Yagi H., Kaminskii A. Laser-diode pumped selfQ-switched microchip lasers. Optical Review, 2008, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10043-008-0010-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikesue A., Yoshida K., Kamata K. Transparent Cr4+-doped YAG ceramics for tunable lasers // Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 1996. V. 79. N 2. P. 507–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08154.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikesue A., Yoshida K., Kamata K. Transparent Cr4+-doped YAG ceramics for tunable lasers. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1996, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 507–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08154.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Wu Y., Pan Y., Guo J. Fabrication of Cr4+,Nd3+:YAG transparent ceramics for self-Q-switched laser // Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2006. V. 352. N 23–25. P. 2404–2407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.02.062</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Wu Y., Pan Y., Guo J. Fabrication of Cr4+,Nd3+:YAG transparent ceramics for self-Q-switched laser. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2006, vol. 352, no. 23–25, pp. 2404–2407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.02.062</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kong L.B., Huang Y., Que W., Zhang T., Li S., Zhang J., Dong Z., Tang D. Transparent Ceramics. Springer Cham, 2015. 734 p. (Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18956-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kong L.B., Huang Y., Que W., Zhang T., Li S., Zhang J., Dong Z., Tang D. Transparent Ceramics. Springer Cham, 2015, 734 p. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18956-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou T., Zhang L., Li Z., Wei S., Wu J., Wang L., Yang H., Fu Z., Chen H., Wong C., Zhang Q. Enhanced conversion efficiency of Cr4+ ion in Cr: YAG transparent ceramic by optimizing the annealing process and doping concentration // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. V. 703. P. 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.338</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou T., Zhang L., Li Z., Wei S., Wu J., Wang L., Yang H., Fu Z., Chen H., Wong C., Zhang Q. Enhanced conversion efficiency of Cr4+ ion in Cr: YAG transparent ceramic by optimizing the annealing process and doping concentration. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017, vol. 703, pp. 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.338</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yagi H., Takaichi K., Ueda K., Yanagitani T., Kaminskii A. Influence of annealing conditions on the optical properties of chromium-doped ceramic Y3Al5O12 // Optical Materials. 2006. V. 29. N 4. P. 392–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2005.08.035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yagi H., Takaichi K., Ueda K., Yanagitani T., Kaminskii A. Influence of annealing conditions on the optical properties of chromium-doped ceramic Y3Al5O12. Optical Materials, 2006, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 392–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2005.08.035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaika M., Paszkowicz W., Strek W., Hreniak D., Tomala R., Safronova N., Doroshenko A., Parkhomenko S., Dluzewski P., Kozłowski M., Vovk O. Influence of Cr doping on the phase composition of Cr,Ca:YAG ceramics by solid state reaction sintering // Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2019. V. 102. N 4. P. 2104–2115. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaika M., Paszkowicz W., Strek W., Hreniak D., Tomala R., Safronova N., Doroshenko A., Parkhomenko S., Dluzewski P., Kozłowski M., Vovk O. Influence of Cr doping on the phase composition of Cr,Ca:YAG ceramics by solid state reaction sintering. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2019, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 2104–2115. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaika M., Tomala R., Strek W., Hreniak D., Dluzewski P., Morawiec K., Mateychenko P., Fedorov A., Doroshenko A., Parkhomenko S., Lesniewska-Matys K., Podniesinski D., Kozłowska A., Mancardi G., Vovk O. Kinetics of Cr3+ to Cr4+ ion valence transformations and intra-lattice cation exchange of Cr4+ in Cr,Ca:YAG ceramics used as laser gain and passive Q-switching media // Journal of Chemical Physics. 2019. V. 151. N 13. P. 134708. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5118321</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaika M., Tomala R., Strek W., Hreniak D., Dluzewski P., Morawiec K., Mateychenko P., Fedorov A., Doroshenko A., Parkhomenko S., Lesniewska-Matys K., Podniesinski D., Kozłowska A., Mancardi G., Vovk O. Kinetics of Cr3+ to Cr4+ ion valence transformations and intra-lattice cation exchange of Cr4+ in Cr,Ca:YAG ceramics used as laser gain and passive Q-switching media. Journal of Chemical Physics, 2019, vol. 151, no. 13, pp. 134708. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5118321</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feldman R., Shimony Y., Burshtein Z. Dynamics of chromium ion valence transformations in Cr,Ca:YAG crystals used as laser gain and passive Q-switching media // Optical Materials. 2003. V. 24. N 1–2. P. 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00146-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feldman R., Shimony Y., Burshtein Z. Dynamics of chromium ion valence transformations in Cr,Ca:YAG crystals used as laser gain and passive Q-switching media. Optical Materials, 2003, vol. 24, no. 1–2, pp. 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00146-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boulesteix R., Perrière C., Maître A., Chrétien L., Brenierd A., Guyotd Y. Fabrication of YAG/Cr:YAG transparent composite ceramics and characterization by light sheet fluorescence imaging // Optical Materials. 2019. V. 96. P. 109324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.109324</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boulesteix R., Perrière C., Maître A., Chrétien L., Brenierd A., Guyotd Y. Fabrication of YAG/Cr:YAG transparent composite ceramics and characterization by light sheet fluorescence imaging. Optical Materials, 2019, vol. 96, pp. 109324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.109324</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou T., Zhang L., Yang H., Qiao X., Liu P., Tang D., Zhang J. Effects of sintering AIDS on the transparency and conversion efficiency of Cr4+ ions in Cr: YAG transparent ceramics // Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2015. V. 98. N 8. P. 2459–2464. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13616</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou T., Zhang L., Yang H., Qiao X., Liu P., Tang D., Zhang J. Effects of sintering AIDS on the transparency and conversion efficiency of Cr4+ ions in Cr: YAG transparent ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2015, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. 2459–2464. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13616</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou T., Zhang L., Shao C., Sun B., Bu W., Yang H., Chen H., Selimd F.A., Zhang Q. Sintering additives regulated Cr ion charge state in Cr doped YAG transparent ceramics // Ceramics International. 2018. V. 44. N 12. P. 13820–13826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.04.226</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou T., Zhang L., Shao C., Sun B., Bu W., Yang H., Chen H., Selimd F.A., Zhang Q. Sintering additives regulated Cr ion charge state in Cr doped YAG transparent ceramics. Ceramics International, 2018, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 13820–13826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.04.226</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaika M.A., Mancardi G., Vovk O.M. Influence of CaO and SiO2 additives on the sintering behavior of Cr,Ca:YAG ceramics prepared by solid-state reaction sintering // Ceramics International. 2020. V. 46. N 14. P. 22781–22786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaika M.A., Mancardi G., Vovk O.M. Influence of CaO and SiO2 additives on the sintering behavior of Cr,Ca:YAG ceramics prepared by solid-state reaction sintering. Ceramics International, 2020, vol. 46, no. 14, pp. 22781–22786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaika M.A., Dulina N.A., Doroshenko A.G., Parkhomenko S.V., Gayduk O.V., Tomala R., Strek W., Hreniak D., Mancardi G., Vovka O.M. Influence of calcium concentration on formation of tetravalent chromium doped Y3Al5O12 ceramics // Ceramics International. 2018. V. 44. N 12. P. 13513–13519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.04.182</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaika M.A., Dulina N.A., Doroshenko A.G., Parkhomenko S.V., Gayduk O.V., Tomala R., Strek W., Hreniak D., Mancardi G., Vovka O.M. Influence of calcium concentration on formation of tetravalent chromium doped Y3Al5O12 ceramics. Ceramics International, 2018, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 13513–13519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.04.182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaika M.A., Dluzewski P., Morawiec K., Szczepansk A., Jablonska K., Mancardi G., Tomala R., Hreniak D., Strek W., Safronova N.A., Doroshenko A.G., Parkhomenko S.V., Vovk O.M. The role of Ca2+ ions in the formation of high optical quality Cr4+,Ca:YAG ceramics // Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2019. V. 39. N 11. P. 3344–3352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.04.037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaika M.A., Dluzewski P., Morawiec K., Szczepansk A., Jablonska K., Mancardi G., Tomala R., Hreniak D., Strek W., Safronova N.A., Doroshenko A.G., Parkhomenko S.V., Vovk O.M. The role of Ca2+ ions in the formation of high optical quality Cr4+,Ca:YAG ceramics. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2019, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 3344–3352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.04.037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bezotosnyi V.V., Kanaev A.Yu., Kopylov Yu.L., Koromyslov A.L., Lopukhin K.V., Tupitsyn I. M., Cheshev E.A. Influence of CaO/MgO ratio on Cr3+ to Cr4+ conversion efficiency in YAG:Cr4+ ceramic saturable absorbers // Optical Materials. 2020. V. 100. P. 109671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.109671</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bezotosnyi V.V., Kanaev A.Yu., Kopylov Yu.L., Koromyslov A.L., Lopukhin K.V., Tupitsyn I. M., Cheshev E.A. Influence of CaO/MgO ratio on Cr3+ to Cr4+ conversion efficiency in YAG:Cr4+ ceramic saturable absorbers. Optical Materials, 2020, vol. 100, pp. 109671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.109671</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X., Wu Y., Lu Z., Wei N., Qi J., Shi J., Hua T., Zeng Q., Guo W., Lu T. Assessment of conversion efficiency of Cr4+ ions by aliovalent cation additives in Cr:YAG ceramic for edge cladding // Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2018. V. 101. N 11. P. 5098–5109. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15764</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X., Wu Y., Lu Z., Wei N., Qi J., Shi J., Hua T., Zeng Q., Guo W., Lu T. Assessment of conversion efficiency of Cr4+ ions by aliovalent cation additives in Cr:YAG ceramic for edge cladding. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2018, vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 5098–5109. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15764</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X., Lu T., Wei N., Lu Z., Chen L., Zhang Q., Cheng G., Qi J. Fabrication and photoluminescence properties of Cr:YAG and Yb,Cr:YAG transparent ceramic // Optical Materials. 2015. V. 49. P. 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2015.09.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X., Lu T., Wei N., Lu Z., Chen L., Zhang Q., Cheng G., Qi J. Fabrication and photoluminescence properties of Cr:YAG and Yb,Cr:YAG transparent ceramic. Optical Materials, 2015, vol. 49, pp. 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2015.09.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doroshenko A.G., Yavetskiy R.P., Parkhomenko S.V., Vorona I.O., Kryzhanovska O.S., Mateychenko P.V., Tolmachev A.V., Vovk E.A., Bovda V.A., Croitoru G., Gheorghe L. Effect of the sintering temperature on the microstructure and optical properties of YAG:Cr,Mg ceramics // Optical Materials. 2019. V. 98. P. 109505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.109505</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doroshenko A.G., Yavetskiy R.P., Parkhomenko S.V., Vorona I.O., Kryzhanovska O.S., Mateychenko P.V., Tolmachev A.V., Vovk E.A., Bovda V.A., Croitoru G., Gheorghe L. Effect of the sintering temperature on the microstructure and optical properties of YAG:Cr,Mg ceramics. Optical Materials, 2019, vol. 98, pp. 109505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.109505</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kravtsov A.A., Nikova M.S., Vakalov D.S., Tarala V.A., Chikulina I.S., Malyavin F.F., Chapura O.M., Krandievsky S.O., Kuleshov D.S., Lapin V.A. Combined effect of MgO sintering additive and stoichiometry deviation on YAG crystal lattice defects // Ceramics International. 2019. V. 45. N 16. P. 20178–20188. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kravtsov A.A., Nikova M.S., Vakalov D.S., Tarala V.A., Chikulina I.S., Malyavin F.F., Chapura O.M., Krandievsky S.O., Kuleshov D.S., Lapin V.A. Combined effect of MgO sintering additive and stoichiometry deviation on YAG crystal lattice defects. Ceramics International, 2019, vol. 45, no. 16, pp. 20178–20188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малявин Ф.Ф., Кравцов А.А., Тарала В.А., Никова М.С., Чикулина И.С., Вакалов Д.С., Лапин В.А., Кулешов Д.С., Медяник Е.В. Исследование влияния концентрации оксида магния и отклонения от стехиометрии иттрий-алюминиевого граната на микроструктуру и оптическое пропускание керамики на его основе // Научно-технический вестник информационных технологий, механики и оптики. 2021. Т. 21. № 6. С. 872–879. https://doi.org/10.17586/2226-1494-2021-21-6-872-879</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malyavin F.F., Kravtsov A.A., Tarala V.A., Nikova M.S., Chikulina I.S., Vakalov D.S., Lapin V.A., Kuleshov D.S., Medyanik E.V. Impact of magnesium oxide concentration and yttrium-aluminum garnet stoichiometry deviation on the microstructure and optical transmission of yag-based ceramics. Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 872–879. (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.17586/2226-1494-2021-21-6-872-879</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kravtsov A.A., Chikulina I.S., Tarala V.A., Evtushenko E.A., Shama M.S., Tarala L.V., Malyavin F.F., Vakalov D.S., Lapin V.A., Kuleshov D.S. Novel synthesis of low-agglomerated YAG:Yb ceramic nanopowders by two-stage precipitation with the use of hexamine // Ceramics International. 2019. V. 45. N 1. P. 1273–1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kravtsov A.A., Chikulina I.S., Tarala V.A., Evtushenko E.A., Shama M.S., Tarala L.V., Malyavin F.F., Vakalov D.S., Lapin V.A., Kuleshov D.S. Novel synthesis of low-agglomerated YAG:Yb ceramic nanopowders by two-stage precipitation with the use of hexamine. Ceramics International, 2019, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1273–1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.10.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malyavin F.F., Tarala V.A., Kuznetsov S.V., Kravtsov A.A., Chikulina I.S., Shama M.S., Medyanik E.V., Ziryanov V.S., Evtushenko E.A., Vakalov D.S., Lapin V.A., Kuleshov D.S., Tarala L.V., Mitrofanenko L.M. Influence of the ceramic powder morphology and forming conditions on the optical transmittance of YAG:Yb ceramics // Ceramics International. 2019. V. 45. N 4. P. 4418–4423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.11.119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malyavin F.F., Tarala V.A., Kuznetsov S.V., Kravtsov A.A., Chikulina I.S., Shama M.S., Medyanik E.V., Ziryanov V.S., Evtushenko E.A., Vakalov D.S., Lapin V.A., Kuleshov D.S., Tarala L.V., Mitrofanenko L.M. Influence of the ceramic powder morphology and forming conditions on the optical transmittance of YAG:Yb ceramics. Ceramics International, 2019, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 4418–4423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.11.119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen X., Lu Z., Hu M., Chang H., Duan Y., Fang J., Lu T., Wei N., Wu Y., Guo W. Investigation of the structure, optical properties and Cr4+ conversion level of Yb3+ and Cr3+ codoped YAG transparent ceramics // Optical Materials. 2020. V. 109. P. 110406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110406</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen X., Lu Z., Hu M., Chang H., Duan Y., Fang J., Lu T., Wei N., Wu Y., Guo W. Investigation of the structure, optical properties and Cr4+ conversion level of Yb3+ and Cr3+ codoped YAG transparent ceramics. Optical Materials, 2020, vol. 109, pp. 110406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110406</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Y., Li J., Qiu F., Pan Y., Liu Q., Guo J. Fabrication of transparent Yb,Cr:YAG ceramics by a solid-state reaction method // Ceramics International. 2006. V. 32. N 7. P. 785–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.06.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Y., Li J., Qiu F., Pan Y., Liu Q., Guo J. Fabrication of transparent Yb,Cr:YAG ceramics by a solid-state reaction method. Ceramics International, 2006, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 785–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.06.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
